Summary: The Foy Information Desk at Auburn University

The Foy Information Desk at Auburn University has been answering public calls for 70 years, originally established by then-dean James E. Foy. Students at the desk handle a variety of inquiries, ranging from the bizarre to the mundane, like legal questions about death or the net worth of celebrities.

The desk has evolved from a resource with physical books to a modern setup with computers, but its phone number remains the same. Many callers are not internet users, and the student workers provide a non-judgmental service for everyone, including regular callers like Beulah, who often has long conversations about her pets.

The desk's training is minimal, with basic guidelines for handling calls. Student workers often develop imagined profiles of their callers based on their voices and accents, forming connections even without knowing much about them.

Cora, a senior at the desk, reflects on her meaningful interactions with callers, emphasizing the importance of being there for those who need someone to talk to. The students take pride in their respectful and caring approach, seeing their role as a vital resource in the community.

TScale Summary

TScale is a repository containing C++ and CUDA code for training and using transformer models. It's optimized to run efficiently on consumer-grade hardware, specifically nVidia GPUs. Key features include:

• Faster transformer architecture with reduced attention costs.
• Support for low-precision model weights (fp8 and int8).
• Reduced GPU memory requirements through CPU offloading.
• Synchronization for distributed training across multiple machines.
• 1-bit gradient compression for efficient communication over standard Ethernet.
• Asynchronous training on different hosts with minimal network load.

TScale can train large models quickly and cost-effectively, such as a 1.5 billion parameter model trained in just 2 days for about $500. It also allows for creative model size management, enabling users to train a model with a 1 trillion token index using a smaller model, significantly improving performance metrics.

To use TScale, you need CUDA 12.3 and a C++ compiler. It supports both Windows and Linux for building the code. Sample datasets for training include enwik9 and others from Hugging Face.

Training scripts and procedures are provided for both single and distributed training across multiple GPUs. Inference can be tested using a basic server setup included in the package.

The project is licensed under the MIT License.

A recent clinical trial in Japan involving over 170 children aged 1 to 6 found that monitoring brain waves with electroencephalograms (EEG) can help anesthesiologists safely reduce the amount of sevoflurane anesthesia given during surgery. This method led to faster recovery times and fewer cases of post-operative delirium compared to standard dosing.

The study, co-authored by Emery N. Brown from MIT, showed that children receiving EEG-guided anesthesia woke up 21 minutes earlier and had breathing tubes removed 3.3 minutes sooner than those on standard protocols. Additionally, only 21% of the EEG-guided group experienced signs of post-anesthesia delirium, compared to 35% in the standard group.

Using less sevoflurane benefits both patient health and reduces costs, as less time in post-acute care can save around $750 per case. This approach also has environmental advantages due to the reduced use of a potent greenhouse gas. The findings suggest that integrating EEG training into anesthesiology practices could enhance patient care.

Oberon Pi Summary

Oberon Pi is a version of the Oberon operating system that runs on Raspberry Pi, developed by Richard Gleaves. It is based on Peter de Wachter’s Project Oberon emulator and aims to make the Oberon system easier for new users. Key features include:

• User Interface Improvements: Richard Gleaves updated the user interface to simplify the learning process for beginners.
• Compiler Updates: Improvements were made to the Oberon compiler, including the full implementation of CASE statements and bug fixes.
• Documentation: Comprehensive documentation is provided, including user guides and original PDFs from the creators of Oberon, which have been made more user-friendly.

System Requirements:

• A Raspberry Pi (preferably Pi 4 or 5)
• Raspberry Pi OS (32 or 64 bit)
• A desktop monitor

Installation Instructions: Detailed instructions can be found in the Oberon Pi Setup Guide, and users can access the software through a GitHub repository.

Goal: The main goal of Oberon Pi is to preserve the unique aspects of the original Oberon system while updating it to contemporary standards for better accessibility and learning.

Background: The Oberon system was originally created in the late 1980s by Niklaus Wirth and Jürg Gutknecht and has undergone various updates and implementations over the years.

Cjam Overview

Cjam is a user-friendly MP3 editing software for Windows PCs. Users can easily import files by dragging and dropping them into the program. It allows for quick editing without needing to decode and re-encode audio.

Key Features:

• Cut and join MP3 files
• Add fade effects and silent intervals
• Play MP3 files
• Execute operations using text commands
• Save settings for future use

Download Information:

• Latest Version: 1.9.6.0 (Released on May 03, 2025)
• File Size: 1.31 MB
• Download link available

System Requirements:

• Microsoft Windows 10 or later
• Microsoft .NET 6.0 or later

Supported File Formats:

• MP3, CUE, M3U, and Cjam's custom formats (CJC, CJJ, CJM)

Installation:

1. Extract the ZIP file and place the "Cjam" folder on a writable drive.
2. Run "Cjam.exe" to use the software.

Version History:

• Cjam started in December 2019 and has received multiple updates for bug fixes and features, with the latest update in May 2025.

No summary available.

Summary of Modula-2 and the Lilith Workstation

Modula-2 is a programming language created by Professor Niklaus Wirth at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in 1979. It was developed alongside the Lilith workstation, which was introduced in 1980. The Lilith computer featured various software, including a compiler and operating system.

Key components available include:

1. M2M Compiler Sources: The first Modula-2 compiler was completed in 1979 for the DEC PDP-11. The source code for a PC version of the second compiler is available, which generates M-code for Lilith.

2. M2M-PC System: An M-code interpreter that allows the Lilith Modula-2 compiler to run on IBM PCs with MS-DOS.

3. Single-Pass Modula-2 Compiler: Released in 1985, this version compiles faster and is smaller than the earlier multi-pass compiler. The source code was lost but later recovered in 2021.

4. MacMeth Compiler Sources: A single-pass compiler that generates native code for Motorola processors, used in the Apple Macintosh system.

Additional resources include manuals, related dissertations, and further reading materials on Modula-2 and Lilith. There are also links to Lilith emulators and other related content.

In May 2025, a reflection on Nirvana's album "Nevermind" highlights its surprising success since its release in 1991. The album's raw sound and powerful guitars impressed many listeners, often without them recognizing its deeper artistry.

The author aims to explore what made "Nevermind" special, focusing on its use of major chords and simple harmonic progressions. Unlike typical rock albums that feature a mix of chords, all songs in "Nevermind" primarily use major chords, creating a unique sound.

Kurt Cobain, the band's frontman, created this music instinctively, without formal musical training or knowledge of complex chord structures. He famously stated he didn't know how to play music conventionally.

Overall, the text invites readers to appreciate the innovative sound of "Nevermind" and its lasting impact in music history.

Summary

This text introduces a collection of community-made GRUB themes to enhance the bootloader experience. It highlights the challenge of finding quality themes among many low-effort options available on sites like Pling. The author has curated a selection of well-crafted themes that include custom backgrounds, fonts, and colors.

Key points include:

• Customization: Themes are easy to modify. Users can change backgrounds, adjust layouts, and swap colors using HEX values. Fonts can also be customized using the grub-mkfont command.
• Useful Resources: Links to tools for downloading files, guides for further customization, and a script to cycle backgrounds are provided.
• Installation and Contribution: Instructions for installing themes are available, and users are encouraged to rate themes on Pling or star them on GitHub to help others find good options.
• Themes List: A variety of themes are mentioned, including "Minegrub", "Descent", "SteamOS", "Cyberpunk", and many more.

Overall, the guide makes it easy for users to find and customize GRUB themes to fit their preferences.

Breeze PDF Summary

Breeze PDF is a free PDF editor that you can use directly in your web browser without needing to upload any files. This ensures your privacy, as your documents remain on your computer.

Key Features:

• Add Text: Type anywhere on your PDF.
• Insert Images: Add JPG or PNG images to your PDF.
• Digital Signatures: Sign documents by drawing, typing, or uploading.
• Form Fields: Create fillable forms with text input boxes.
• Merge PDFs: Combine multiple PDF files into one.
• Delete Pages: Easily remove unwanted pages.
• Password Protection: Secure your files with strong passwords.

Privacy Assurance: All processing is done locally in your browser, so your files are never sent to a server.

FAQs:

• Cost: Completely free, no hidden fees.
• Installation: No installation needed; just use a modern browser.
• Mobile Use: Works on mobile, but best on desktops.
• File Size: No official limits, but performance depends on your device's capabilities.

Start using Breeze PDF today for a private and efficient PDF editing experience!

The article discusses the history and challenges of wireless USB technology, specifically focusing on its rise and fall in the market. Here are the key points:

1. Background: The author reflects on an attempt to make a Palm OS smartwatch mobile through wireless USB technology. Wireless USB was once a promising idea but faced many hurdles.

2. Technological Roots: Wireless USB was built on ultra wideband (UWB) technology, which allows high-speed data transfer over short distances using weak signals. Competing standards, particularly between MB-OFDM and DS-UWB, caused confusion and market fragmentation.

3. Development of Wireless USB: Intel and other companies formed the Wireless USB Promoter Group, aiming to create a standardized version of wireless USB. However, two competing technologies (CW-USB and CF-USB) emerged, leading to confusion and complexity.

4. Market Challenges: Despite initial hype, wireless USB struggled in the market. Many devices required additional dongles, and real-world performance rarely matched the promised speeds. This led to limited adoption, as consumers found it easier to use existing technologies like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.

5. Failed Products: Several products were developed, but many faced poor reviews and limited functionality. Ultimately, the lack of compatible devices and the complexity of installation contributed to their failure.

6. Legacy: By 2008, wireless USB technology had mostly faded from the market. The article concludes that while UWB technology is still used for specific applications (like tracking), wireless USB itself did not succeed due to superior alternatives like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, which have since become the standard for wireless data transfer.

In summary, wireless USB had potential but failed to gain traction due to competition, technical complexities, and the rapid advancement of other wireless technologies.

Summary: On the Speed of ViTs and CNNs

Key Concepts:

• Two main architectures in computer vision are Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Vision Transformers (ViTs).
• CNNs process images using convolutions, while ViTs divide images into patches and apply self-attention.

Main Arguments:

1. ViTs Scale Well:

   • ViTs can efficiently process images up to 1024x1024 pixels, which is sufficient for most applications.
   • Benchmarking shows that ViTs can be faster than CNNs on modern GPUs and are more memory efficient.

2. Resolution Needs:

   • Most tasks do not require very high resolution. Suggested resolutions are:
     • 224 pixels for natural images.
     • 448 pixels for images with text.
     • 896 pixels for desktop screens/documents.
   • Higher resolution mainly serves aesthetic purposes and is not necessary for model performance.

3. Model Capacity and Performance:

   • Increasing image resolution also increases the model's capacity, which affects performance.
   • Higher capacity often leads to better results, but much of the performance gain seen with increased resolution is due to this capacity, not just resolution.

4. Local Attention:

   • A technique called local attention can make ViTs faster and more memory efficient by focusing on smaller windows of the image.
   • This method is simple and enhances the efficiency of ViTs compared to CNNs.

5. Training and Learning:

   • While this discussion focuses on inference speed, ViTs also show efficiency during training.
   • Some recent techniques work better with ViTs than CNNs, highlighting advantages in learning capabilities.

Conclusion:

• Both architectures have their strengths, but ViTs offer significant benefits in speed, efficiency, and adaptability for many computer vision tasks. The choice between them should depend on specific needs rather than a strict preference for one architecture over the other.

Summary:

DuckDB is considered a significant advancement in geospatial software over the past decade. At a recent geospatial conference, attendees discussed ways to make geospatial data more accessible to a wider audience. A key point raised was the impact of DuckDB's spatial extension, which simplifies working with geospatial data to just one or two lines of code. This ease of use lowers barriers for people who may not have technical backgrounds, allowing more casual users to engage with geospatial data. The introduction of DuckDB spatial likely contributed to increased interest in geospatial tools and may have positively influenced the usage of initiatives like the Overture Maps Foundation. The author is optimistic about the continued growth in this area.

The European Space Agency (ESA) is responsible for developing Europe’s space capabilities, aiming to benefit citizens in Europe and around the world. Key areas of focus include:

1. Science & Exploration: ESA conducts missions to explore the Solar System and advance our understanding of the universe, including collaborations with NASA on Mars missions.

2. Space Safety: ESA works to protect lives and infrastructure from space-related hazards like asteroids and space debris.

3. Applications: The agency uses satellite technology to address challenges on Earth, such as environmental monitoring and secure communications.

4. Enabling & Support: ESA develops new technologies and prepares for future missions, including advancements in space transportation and engineering.

ESA also offers career opportunities, engages in educational initiatives, and provides resources for children and adults to learn about space. The agency operates in collaboration with 23 member states and various international partners.

Summary of xPong

xPong is a unique version of the classic game Pong that includes real-time commentary generated by an AI. The idea for this game has been in development for five years, but recent advancements in technology, particularly OpenAI's gpt-4o-mini-tts, have made it possible to implement.

Key features of xPong include:

• A tournament simulator that spans 15 years, featuring 60 events and culminating in a World Championship Final between the top two players.
• AI-controlled players with varying reaction times and shot speeds.
• Three levels of commentary: opening, in-game, and closing, with two commentators exchanging dialogue and responding to key events in the game.
• An event-driven commentary system that processes actions as events, ranks them, and generates commentary based on historical data from past games.

To set up xPong, users should create a virtual environment, install necessary Python dependencies, and create an API key from OpenAI. The game runs in a Chromium-based browser.

The code is open-source under the MIT License, and sound effects are licensed from various sources, including Pixabay and OpenAI.

No summary available.

Over twenty years ago, a video showcasing a Lexus LS400 using Bose's innovative proactive suspension amazed viewers with its ability to glide over obstacles and maintain stability. Although it was groundbreaking, the technology was not feasible for mass production at the time, leading Bose to abandon the project.

Recently, this technology has resurfaced, now developed by ClearMotion, and is being used in the electric Nio ET9 in China, marking its first application in a production car. ClearMotion plans to equip 3 million vehicles with this suspension system, which could lower costs and improve availability.

While ClearMotion's version differs from the original Bose design, it still represents a significant advancement in automotive technology. Additionally, Porsche is set to adopt this system under a new partnership, enhancing it with software that adapts to road conditions.

Overall, the once-legendary technology is finally becoming a reality in modern cars, signaling a new era for automotive suspension systems.

The text provides an overview of a website dedicated to programming languages, particularly focusing on Pascal and its related systems. Key points include:

• The site showcases the author's experiences with various programming languages and systems developed by notable figures like Niklaus Wirth.
• It features information on Pascal compilers, including Wirth's versions and their applications in small computers and device control.
• The website contains resources such as scanned books, articles, and updates on different Pascal-related projects, including Freepascal and Delphi.
• A timeline outlines the author's journey with Pascal from the 1970s to 2010, highlighting significant developments in the language and its compilers.
• Additional sections cover influential people in the field, including Edsger Dijkstra and Per Brinch Hansen, as well as various Pascal implementations across different systems.

Overall, the site serves as a comprehensive resource for anyone interested in the history and application of Pascal and its derivatives.

Codd's cellular automaton, created by Edgar F. Codd in 1968, is a simplified version of a self-replicating machine that uses only eight states, compared to the 29 states of John von Neumann's original design. Codd aimed to demonstrate how a machine could reproduce itself with fewer components.

Historically, von Neumann's work in the 1940s and 50s laid the groundwork for self-replicating automata. Codd refined this concept, while other researchers, like Edwin Roger Banks and John Devore, contributed further advancements. Banks introduced a four-state automaton, and Devore simplified Codd's design. Christopher Langton later modified Codd's CA to create Langton's loops, which could replicate but not compute universally.

Codd's cellular automaton features eight states with rotational symmetry and utilizes specific signal trains to perform tasks like extending and retracting components. Although Codd designed a self-replicating computer, it wasn't fully implemented until 2009 by Tim Hutton, who corrected some errors in the original design.

A 29-year-old doctor named Ellie Irwin from Bristol had her eyesight saved after a groundbreaking test diagnosed a rare bacterial infection that had caused her chronic eye inflammation for five years. Despite multiple treatments, her condition worsened, leading her to consider having her eye removed. Finally, a doctor suggested a specialized test called metagenomics, which analyzes genetic material to identify infections. This test revealed she had leptospirosis, likely contracted while swimming in the Amazon River in 2018. After receiving antibiotics, her vision improved significantly. Experts believe metagenomics could become a standard diagnostic tool in the future, making it easier to identify rare infections. Ellie's recovery has allowed her to focus on her career and personal life, including her recent wedding.

Astronomers have found potential evidence for a hypothesized planet called Planet Nine, which is believed to be larger than Neptune and located about 700 times farther from the sun than Earth. This planet, proposed in 2014, has not been directly observed but its existence is suggested by the unusual orbits of some distant objects in the solar system.

A research team led by Terry Long Phan examined data from two infrared sky surveys taken 23 years apart and identified a candidate object that might be Planet Nine. This object appears to have moved slightly in the sky between the two surveys, indicating it could be the elusive planet. To confirm its identity, further observations with powerful telescopes are needed.

Planet Nine is thought to be a massive body on an eccentric orbit, possibly formed closer to the sun before being pushed out by gravitational interactions with other planets. The search for Planet Nine continues, and future telescopes may finally reveal its true nature.

The text discusses Brian Eno's ideas and their implications for democracy, connecting them to the work of political scientist Adam Przeworski. Eno doesn't have an explicit theory of democracy, but his views on art can inform our understanding of how democracy should function. Przeworski's theory suggests that democracy relies on political parties accepting electoral defeat due to self-interest and uncertainty about future elections. This creates a stable system as parties expect to return to power eventually.

However, the author argues that this traditional view fails to explain current democratic decline, especially in the U.S. They propose a "dynamical model of democracy," which acknowledges that democratic systems must adapt over time to changing environments and internal disagreements. Eno's approach emphasizes generating variety and adaptability rather than rigid structures, similar to how diverse musical performances can arise from simple instructions.

The text stresses the importance of balancing stability with the need for diversity in democratic systems, suggesting that a successful democracy should encourage a range of perspectives and solutions to complex problems. Additionally, it warns against polarization, which can stifle diversity and weaken democracy. The author believes that Eno's ideas can provide useful guidance for rethinking democratic practices to promote adaptability and responsiveness in political systems.

Flatpak apps on Linux tend to use a lot of disk space, which can be surprising to users. This is mainly because Flatpak bundles all the necessary dependencies within the app package, unlike traditional package managers that share libraries. While this ensures apps run correctly across different Linux distributions, it also leads to larger file sizes.

Key points about Flatpak include:

1. Problem Solved: Flatpak addresses the "dependency hell," where apps struggle to find the right versions of needed software on different Linux systems.

2. Bundling Dependencies: Flatpak packages include all necessary libraries, making them larger but more reliable.

3. Runtimes and Deduplication: Flatpak uses shared "runtimes" for common libraries and a system called OSTree to avoid duplicating files across apps. This helps save some space.

4. Disk Space Concerns: Even with these methods, Flatpak can still take up more space than traditional packages due to bundled dependencies and the way data is stored.

5. Suitability: While Flatpak offers benefits like easier software distribution and sandboxing for security, its larger size may not be ideal for users with limited disk space or slow internet connections.

Overall, Flatpak's approach has its pros and cons, and users need to weigh these factors when deciding whether to use Flatpak apps.

No summary available.

Summary:

Chris Coyier discusses the challenge of including the same header across multiple web pages (like index.html, about.html, and contact.html) without duplicating code. While there are many ways to achieve this—such as using JavaScript, server directives, static site generators, and other programming techniques—none involve a simple HTML tag for including HTML content.

Coyier wonders why HTML does not allow for direct inclusion like CSS and JavaScript do. He speculates on possible reasons, including concerns about web performance, complexity, and restrictions from web hosting. He invites feedback and insights from others on this topic, expressing his belief that many websites would benefit from this feature, despite the lack of a straightforward HTML solution.

In 2023, the author hired Flat Rate Movers for an interstate move, paying over $14,000 for comprehensive services. However, the moving crew that arrived was not from Flat Rate and lacked the necessary supplies. As a result, much of the furniture was damaged during the move.

After the move, the author attempted to contact Flat Rate to address the issues and request a partial refund, but received no response. Their claims department was unresponsive, leading the author to pursue various avenues for resolution, including contacting regulatory agencies and using legal channels.

Eventually, the author discovered that they could bypass Flat Rate and file a claim directly with their insurance company, Hanover Insurance. Hanover confirmed they had not received any communication from Flat Rate regarding the claim but agreed to compensate for the damage based on the author’s evidence. Despite receiving some compensation, the author remains unhappy with Flat Rate for their inadequate services and lack of communication.

Summary of Elvish

Elvish is a powerful scripting language that also functions as an interactive shell. It is available as a binary for Linux, BSD, macOS, and Windows, though it is still in the pre-1.0 stage, meaning some changes may occur in the future. Despite this, it is stable enough for both scripting and interactive use.

Documentation for users can be found on Elvish's website (elv.sh), which includes installation guides, tutorials, and news. Development documentation is available in the ./docs folder.

Elvish is licensed under the BSD 2-clause license, with some exceptions for specific packages that use different licenses, including BSD 3-clause, EPL 1.0, and Creative Commons CC-BY-SA 4.0.

No summary available.

In "Why I Am Not Going to Buy a Computer," Wendell Berry explains his decision to avoid computers and stick to traditional writing methods. He feels that relying on computers ties him to energy corporations, which he criticizes for harming the environment. Instead, he prefers to use horses for farming and a manual typewriter for writing, valuing the personal connection and critique he receives from his wife, who types his work.

Berry lists several reasons for his choice: he believes his writing should not depend on harmful energy sources, he values the simplicity and familiarity of his current tools, and he does not see computers as essential for better writing. He also argues that technological advancements often replace valuable human relationships and that he wants to limit his involvement with damaging technology.

In response to Berry's essay, some readers defend their own use of computers, arguing they are practical tools that can support environmental activism. However, Berry contends that many environmental problems stem from consumer habits, and he advocates for reducing personal consumption as a more direct way to address these issues.

Overall, Berry emphasizes the importance of being mindful about technology's impact on both personal life and the environment, suggesting that true progress should not come at the expense of our relationships or ecological integrity.

The course "Numerical Linear Algebra for Computational Science and Information Engineering" consists of 18 lectures, each featuring a theoretical presentation and homework problems, along with Julia coding assignments for many topics.

Key topics covered include:

1. Introduction to linear algebra and Julia language.
2. Understanding floating-point arithmetic and error analysis.
3. Direct methods for solving dense and sparse linear systems.
4. Basics of iterative methods for linear systems and eigenvalue problems.
5. Advanced methods like preconditioned iterative methods and Krylov subspace methods.
6. Multigrid methods and randomized numerical linear algebra.
7. Communication-avoiding algorithms and matrix function evaluation.

Additional resources like slides and notebooks are available for each lecture.

Summary of Hardcover's Migration to Ruby on Rails

This article is the first in a series about Hardcover's transition from Next.js to Ruby on Rails. The author shares insights from this migration and why they felt it was necessary.

Key Points:

1. Background: The author started as a Ruby on Rails developer and initially chose Next.js for its SEO benefits. However, they faced challenges with performance and costs.

2. Issues with Next.js:

   • As the app grew, it became slower, and the server costs skyrocketed.
   • The caching mechanisms in Next.js were unclear, leading to inefficient use of resources.
   • Local development became slow, affecting the team's productivity.

3. Exploration of Alternatives:

   • After three years with Next.js, the author sought alternatives that would allow for server-side rendering (SSR), direct database connections, and continued use of React.
   • They considered Remix but found it too complex, eventually opting for Ruby on Rails combined with Inertia.js.

4. Inertia.js Integration:

   • Inertia.js provided a smoother experience by allowing server-side rendering while using React on the front end, fitting well within the Rails architecture.
   • The setup involved Rails controllers managing data and rendering React components, which improved performance and user experience.

5. Impact of Migration:

   • After deploying the new system, the site became significantly faster, and Google began showing it to more readers, which is a positive outcome for user engagement.
   • Early metrics showed an increase in visit duration, indicating improved user satisfaction.

6. Next Steps:

   • The focus will now be on fixing remaining bugs, enhancing slow pages, and marketing to attract more readers.

The author will continue to document the migration process in future articles, including moving from cloud services to server infrastructure. They invite developers interested in contributing to join their Discord community as they prepare to open source their project.

Summary of QModem 4.51 Source Code

QModem 4.51 is an MS-DOS telecommunications program created by John Friel III, and its source code has been released for historical interest. This version, known as the "Test-Drive" edition, dates back to early 1992 and is aimed at telecommunications fans and retrocomputing hobbyists.

Key Features of QModem:

• Supported various modem types and speeds.
• Offered file transfer protocols like XMODEM, YMODEM, and ZMODEM.
• Included a dialing directory and extensive scripting for automation.
• Featured a mini BBS server function called "Host Mode."
• Provided full-screen terminal emulations and mouse support.

File Structure: The source code is organized into different directories and files, including:

• .PAS files: Turbo Pascal source code for the main program.
• .ASM files: Assembler routines for performance.
• .BAT files: Batch scripts for building and testing.
• Configuration and sample data files.

Building QModem: To compile QModem, you need Turbo Pascal 5.x/6.0. Options for building include:

• Using the original Turbo Pascal environment or DOSBox.
• Utilizing emulators or cross-compilers like Free Pascal, with potential code adaptations.
• Assembling and linking .ASM files manually.

Modernization Notes:

• The code is designed for MS-DOS and may not run on modern systems without modifications.
• It relies on third-party libraries and direct hardware access, making it hardware-dependent.
• Users should refer to original QModem documentation for guidance.

Overall, this source code serves as an educational resource and a piece of computing history.

DotnetSnes Overview

DotnetSnes is a tool that lets developers use .NET languages to create real SNES (Super Nintendo Entertainment System) ROMs.

How It Works:

• DotnetSnes provides a .NET library that simplifies creating SNES games.
• When you compile a project using DotnetSnes.Core, it converts the resulting DLL to C code using the Dotnet To C transpiler (dntc).
• This C code is then compiled with the PvSnesLib SDK to produce a working SNES ROM.
• Due to SNES limitations, developers may need to use lower-level programming techniques instead of standard C# practices.

Getting Started:

1. Environment Setup:

   • Use WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) Ubuntu for the best experience.
   • Clone the DotnetSnes repository using SSH to access all necessary submodules.
   • Update and install required dependencies: cmake, g++, dotnet-sdk-8.0.

2. Preparing the SDK:

   • After cloning, run git submodule update --init --recursive to set up dependencies.
   • Go to the pvsneslib directory and run make to build the toolchain.

3. Examples:

   • Hello World: A simple example that creates a basic SNES ROM displaying text.
   • LikeMario Game: A more complex example demonstrating game logic, graphics, and input handling.

Creating a New Project:

• Start a new .NET class library project and reference DotnetSnes.Core and Dntc.Attributes libraries.
• Define the entry point with a Main() function and add specific attributes for transpilation.
• Create a Makefile for the build process and include game assets as needed.
• Write a manifest.json file to guide the transpiler on your project settings.

Building Your Project:

• After setting everything up, use the make command in your project directory to compile and generate the SNES ROM.

This guide provides a simplified path for developing SNES games using DotnetSnes, outlining setup, examples, and project creation steps.

No summary available.

The text appears to be a part of a computer script that is likely related to a web page, possibly concerning user authentication (such as email or phone login). It includes code snippets and functions that manage interactions, but the overall content is technical and not meant for general understanding.

Key points:

• It deals with authentication methods (email or phone).
• It includes programming functions and error handling.
• The language used is technical, indicating it is meant for developers or programmers.

The main takeaway is that it focuses on managing user login processes through code.

No summary available.

The text indicates that a webpage could not be found, displaying a "404" error message. It also includes some details about the website's design, such as color settings for light and dark modes.

Bethesda has expressed strong support for a fan-made project called Skyblivion, which aims to recreate the classic RPG The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion using the Skyrim engine. This comes after the release of an official remaster of Oblivion by Xbox and Bethesda, which raised concerns that Skyblivion might face legal issues. However, Bethesda's Dan Lee praised the mod in a recent developer spotlight video, stating he is excited to see what the Skyblivion team has created. The Skyblivion developers responded positively, sharing their excitement to release the mod this year. Bethesda’s supportive stance is notable, especially in contrast to other companies like Nintendo and Take-Two, which are less accommodating of fan projects.

The rapid growth of large language models (LLMs) has led to their use in many fields like customer service, content creation, data analysis, and healthcare. However, a major challenge is that there is no standard way for these LLM agents to communicate with each other or with external tools. This makes it hard for them to collaborate and handle complex tasks effectively.

To address this, a unified communication protocol is needed, which would improve interactions between agents and tools and promote teamwork. This paper offers a detailed analysis of existing communication protocols for LLM agents, categorizing them into two types: context-oriented versus inter-agent protocols and general-purpose versus domain-specific protocols. It also compares the performance of these protocols based on factors like security, scalability, and speed.

Furthermore, the paper discusses future developments in agent protocols, highlighting important features for next-generation systems, such as adaptability, privacy, and group interactions. It suggests trends towards layered architectures and collective intelligence. This work aims to guide researchers and engineers in creating better communication systems for intelligent agents.

The text is a reference guide for the AMI BIOS (American Megatrends Inc. Basic Input/Output System). It covers various aspects of BIOS, including its features, setup procedures, and diagnostic functions. Key points include:

1. Introduction to BIOS: The guide explains what BIOS is and its components.
2. AMIBIOS Features: Details standard features and setup options available in the AMIBIOS.
3. Setup Procedures: Instructions for setting up BIOS, including CMOS settings and diagnostics for hard disks, floppy disks, and other components.
4. Advanced Setup Options: Covers more complex configurations like power management and peripheral management.
5. BIOS Interrupts: Lists software interrupts and their functions, which are used for various hardware interactions.
6. Error Messages: Includes a section on common error messages and beep codes related to BIOS.
7. Upgrading BIOS: Provides guidance on how to upgrade the BIOS.
8. Appendices: Contains additional information such as history, identification strings, and acronyms.

Overall, the guide serves as a comprehensive resource for understanding and working with AMI BIOS.

ANEMLL Overview

ANEMLL (pronounced "animal") is an open-source project designed to help port Large Language Models (LLMs) to tensor processors, starting with the Apple Neural Engine (ANE).

Key Goals:

• Create an open-source pipeline for converting models and running them on ANE.
• Enable on-device inference for low-power applications, ensuring privacy and security, especially for autonomous systems.

Main Features in Version 0.3.0 Alpha:

1. Model Conversion Tools: Scripts to convert models from Hugging Face.
2. Swift Reference Implementation: Optimized code for Swift applications.
3. Sample CLI Application: A command-line interface for testing.
4. Python Sample Codes: Examples for testing and managing conversations.
5. iOS/macOS Sample Applications: Ready-to-use applications available via TestFlight.

Pre-converted Models Provided:

• LLaMA 3.1 (1B and 8B variants).
• DeepSeek and DeepHermes distilled models.

Installation Requirements:

• Requires macOS Sequoia and Apple Neural Engine.
• Minimum of 16GB RAM and Python 3.9.
• Xcode Command Line Tools for model compilation.

Usage Steps:

1. Download a model from Hugging Face.
2. Convert it using provided scripts.
3. Run the model using sample code.

Contributions and Community:

• Contributions are welcome, and users can showcase their projects using ANEMLL.
• The project acknowledges support from Apple and Hugging Face.

Contact Information: For support, reach out to [email protected].

License: ANEMLL is licensed under the MIT License.

The U.S. has approved a new type of pig that is genetically edited using CRISPR technology to be resistant to a virus called porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which is harmful to piglets. This advancement by the British company Genus means these pigs can now enter the food market.

Most pigs in the U.S. are farmed in confined spaces, and PRRS leads to significant economic losses—over $300 million annually. The CRISPR pigs have been engineered to lack the receptor that the PRRS virus uses to infect cells, making them almost entirely immune to the virus.

While gene editing in humans has raised ethical concerns, modifying pigs is viewed more favorably because it offers clear financial benefits. This breakthrough could help reduce virus transmission in livestock, which is important for preventing potential pandemics.

Genus's stock value increased significantly following the approval, and the company hopes to sell gene-edited pork in the U.S. by next year. They are also seeking approvals in other countries like Mexico, Canada, Japan, and China. There are currently no plans to label the pork as genetically engineered.

In January 1981, engineers at MOS Technology started designing chips for a new home computer, which would eventually become the Commodore 64 (C-64). In January 1982, they revealed the C-64 at the Consumer Electronics Show, priced at $595, which was significantly lower than competitors. The C-64 had advanced graphics and sound capabilities, utilizing innovative chips developed by the team.

Initially, the plan was to create a video game machine, but the team pivoted to a home computer after seeing market potential. They quickly designed the computer's architecture and produced prototypes in under six weeks. The C-64 was a commercial success, partly due to its low price and better performance compared to other computers that cost much more.

The development of the C-64 was marked by a focus on simplicity and cost-effectiveness. The design team prioritized a low production cost, with the initial target being $130, which was very close to the actual cost. As production ramped up, costs were further reduced, and the retail price dropped to $149.

The C-64 was built with an emphasis on features like sprites for animation and multiple graphics modes. However, its disk drive was slow and limited, which hindered its performance in business applications. Despite its flaws, the C-64 was celebrated for its graphics capabilities and became a popular choice among consumers and programmers.

After the C-64's success, Commodore's corporate structure imposed more controls, affecting the creative freedom of the design team. Many original team members left to form a new company, Peripheral Visions, indicating a shift in their professional paths post-C-64.

Overall, the C-64's combination of affordability, innovative technology, and robust design contributed to its legacy as one of the best-selling computers of all time.

The Strategic Oil Bombing Campaign, which started around March 1944 and peaked in November 1944, aimed to weaken Germany's war efforts by targeting its oil production. The campaign remains controversial, with debates about the morality of bombing civilian areas. However, it effectively reduced military operations in Germany.

Key points include:

1. Objectives of Bombing: The campaign aimed to disrupt various critical targets like electricity, food, fuel, transportation, and military facilities. Among these, the oil industry was prioritized because it was essential for fueling the military and supporting industrial operations.

2. Targeting Strategy: Instead of attacking numerous dispersed targets, the Allies focused on a small number of key oil facilities. Destroying these could significantly disrupt Germany's ability to sustain its military efforts.

3. Intelligence and Planning: The Allies had good intelligence on German fuel production, which helped them plan effective bombing raids. British and American engineers had previously been involved in the German fuel industry, which also aided their understanding of targets.

4. Impact of Bombing: The bombing campaigns aimed at oil facilities had a profound effect on German military operations, leading to shortages in fuel for training and operations, which resulted in inexperienced pilots and unreliable aircraft.

5. Challenges in Execution: While the campaign was eventually successful, initial bombing efforts in earlier years had limited impact due to inadequate accuracy and resources. It required repeated raids on specific plants to achieve lasting damage.

6. Consequences: By the end of the campaign, Germany's oil shortages severely hampered its military capabilities, contributing significantly to the Allies’ overall success in the war.

7. Missed Opportunities: There were critical mistakes, such as the failure to target key plants early on, which could have shortened the war if addressed sooner.

In summary, the Strategic Oil Bombing Campaign was a crucial effort that effectively targeted Germany's oil supplies, ultimately crippling its war capabilities and playing a significant role in the Allies' victory.

No summary available.

Summary:

Serverless-dns is a serverless DNS resolver similar to Pi-Hole, which can block content and supports DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) and DNS-over-TLS (DoT). It runs on platforms like Cloudflare Workers, Deno Deploy, Fastly Compute@Edge, and Fly.io, with free tiers sufficient for 10 to 20 devices monthly.

Key Points:

1. Platforms and Protocols:

   • Cloudflare Workers: 280+ locations, DoH.
   • Deno Deploy: 30+ locations, DoH (private beta).
   • Fastly Compute@Edge: 80+ locations, DoH (private beta).
   • Fly.io: 30+ locations, DoH and DoT.

2. Performance:

   • Server-side processing is nearly instant (0-2 ms), with overall latency between 10-30 ms.

3. Setup:

   • Easiest setup is on Cloudflare Workers; instructions vary in complexity across platforms.
   • Blocklists can be configured via a web interface.

4. Development:

   • Code can be set up using Node.js or Deno.
   • Follows Google JavaScript style guidelines for coding standards.

5. Logging and Analytics:

   • Can upload logs using Cloudflare Logpush.
   • Logs can be accessed through Cloudflare's R2 or Logpush API.

6. Authentication:

   • Supports bearer token authentication for DoH and DoT.

7. Blocklists:

   • Uses over 190 blocklists compressed into a structure to enhance lookup speed, with around 13 million entries.

Overall, serverless-dns provides a flexible and efficient way to manage DNS requests while blocking unwanted content, with various hosting options and easy setup instructions.

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Summary

The text discusses the challenges of using Common Lisp for web development, primarily the lack of comprehensive documentation, which makes it less accessible for beginners compared to other programming languages like Python. The author aims to create a simple web application—a guestbook demo—using Common Lisp, highlighting the necessary components and libraries such as Clack, Lack, and Caveman.

Key points include:

• Documentation Issues: Common Lisp has limited documentation, making it hard for newcomers to use existing libraries effectively.
• Project Setup: The author outlines the steps to create a Common Lisp project, including setting up dependencies using Quicklisp and defining project structure.
• Server Functionality: Functions for starting and stopping the server are defined, along with middleware for handling static files and web application protocols.
• Database Integration: The author creates a SQLite database to store messages, with functions for CRUD operations.
• Routing: The web application exposes routes to handle user requests for viewing and managing messages.
• Template Rendering: Templates are used to present data, with a library called Djula for rendering.
• Comparison with Python: The author notes that while Common Lisp can be powerful, it requires more lines of code for the same functionality compared to Python's Flask framework.

The final section discusses creating a more concise web framework, FlashCL, which simplifies the code further and aims to match the ease of use of Flask.

Overall, while Common Lisp is capable of handling web applications, the author suggests that other languages may be better suited for modern web development due to ease of use and better documentation.

Roy Lee created a controversial app called "Cluely," which helps users ace coding interviews by providing assistance in a hidden way. Despite the backlash from companies like Columbia and Amazon, the technology behind the app is intriguing.

How Cluely Works:

• Built with Electron: Cluely uses Electron, a framework that allows for the creation of desktop apps. Key features include:

  • Transparent Window: The app's window can be made see-through, displaying only the necessary content.
  • Always On Top: The app remains visible above other windows.

• Backend Communication: Cluely captures clipboard data, screenshots, or selected text, sending it to an AI backend (like OpenAI) for quick processing and suggestions.

• Screen Capture and OCR: It can take screenshots of specific areas and use Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to extract text from the screen.

• Clipboard Monitoring: The app constantly checks the clipboard for new text, activating AI assistance when needed.

Limitations:

• Security Issues: Operating systems can detect and block invisible overlays in secure settings.
• Performance Impact: Using OCR and monitoring the clipboard can slow down the computer.

Ethical Uses:

While Cluely was used unethically, the underlying technology could be beneficial:

• Sales Support: Provide sales teams with real-time suggestions during calls.
• Customer Support: Assist representatives with automatic response suggestions.
• Employee Onboarding: Help new hires with contextual advice to improve their productivity.

The technology is open-sourced, and those interested in using it for positive purposes can reach out to collaborate.

Summary of "Understanding J"

This document is an introduction to the J programming language, aimed at people with some programming knowledge. It provides a structured overview of key concepts without exhaustive details.

Key Points:

1. Installation and Execution: Users can run J code examples in JQt by opening the file and executing lines with keyboard shortcuts.

2. Basics of J:

   • J was released in 1990 as a successor to APL, using ASCII symbols for its operations.
   • It supports various number formats, including integers, floats, complex numbers, and more.

3. Data Types:

   • Nouns: Data values like numbers and lists.
   • Lists and Booleans: Lists are formed by placing elements together; Booleans are represented by 1 (true) and 0 (false).
   • Strings: Strings are lists of characters, using UTF-8 encoding.
   • Special Data Types: Includes symbols (immutable strings) and sparse arrays (arrays with mostly repeated values).

4. Functions:

   • Verbs: Functions that take nouns as arguments. They can be monadic (one argument) or dyadic (two arguments).
   • Modifiers: Functions that pre-process arguments before the main function runs.
   • Assignments: Use =: for global and =. for local assignments.

5. Code Management:

   • Users can import code from files using verbs like load and require.
   • Definitions can be made explicitly using a numeric system to denote types (nouns, verbs, etc.).

6. Arrays: Arrays in J can be lists of lists, where all elements must share the same type, and they can have different dimensions.

For further learning, the document includes links to resources, a cheatsheet, and a list of built-in functions. Users are encouraged to run examples and explore the comments within the code for better understanding.

No summary available.

No summary available.

This article discusses the economic viability of East-West fixed solar arrays compared to single-axis tracked arrays in solar energy systems. The key points are:

1. Current Cost Trends: Photovoltaic (PV) module prices have significantly dropped, making East-West arrays cheaper and faster to install than single-axis tracked arrays, which were previously the favored option.

2. Advantages of East-West Arrays:

   • Require less material and labor for installation.
   • Use less land while providing similar power output.
   • Economic benefits improve as PV modules become cheaper.

3. Disadvantages of East-West Arrays:

   • Single-axis tracked arrays typically produce more energy per panel, especially in locations with varying sunlight exposure.
   • In regions prone to severe weather, like hailstorms, single-axis systems might be preferred due to their resilience features.

4. Installation and Performance:

   • East-West arrays have simpler structures, which means lower costs and faster installation times.
   • However, their performance in energy production can vary based on weather conditions and geographic location.

5. Conclusion: If cost per watt is the only concern, East-West arrays are generally the better choice. However, their effectiveness may be limited in areas with extreme weather unless stronger PV modules are used. The article suggests that as module prices continue to decline, East-West arrays will become increasingly attractive for solar projects across different regions.

No summary available.

A recent study of the Danish labor market from 2023 to 2024 has found that the introduction of AI chatbots, like ChatGPT, has not significantly impacted wages or employment levels. The research, conducted by economists from the University of Chicago and the University of Copenhagen, analyzed data from 25,000 workers across various occupations, including vulnerable roles like accounting and customer support.

Key findings include:

• Limited Impact on Earnings and Hours: Despite rapid adoption of AI tools, the study concluded that there was no significant change in earnings or hours worked, with effects smaller than 1 percent.
• New Job Tasks Created: AI has led to the creation of additional tasks for 8.4 percent of workers, such as teachers needing to check for AI use in student assignments.
• Modest Productivity Gains: Workers reported an average time saving of only 2.8 percent, which is about an hour per week. This contrasts with other studies suggesting much higher productivity boosts from AI.
• Low Translation to Earnings: Only a small percentage (3 to 7 percent) of the productivity gains resulted in higher earnings for workers.

The study highlights that while AI adoption is fast, the actual economic benefits are still unclear. It suggests the need for further research, as this analysis may not capture longer-term effects or variations in other markets. Overall, it challenges the notion that AI will quickly transform the labor market.

The author discusses their experience switching from MathJax to MathML for rendering equations on their blog. They initially struggled with various converters but found Pandoc to be a reliable choice for generating MathML from LaTeX.

Key points include:

• Pandoc's Ease of Use: It can easily convert single equations and handle more complex formats, like multiline equations and piecewise functions.
• Rendering Issues: While most equations render correctly, there are minor bugs, such as the improper formatting of limits in block equations. The author plans to report this issue.
• Script for Cleanup: The author shares a Python script that runs Pandoc and cleans up the output to make it more compact by removing unnecessary elements.

Overall, the transition to using Pandoc has improved their ability to render mathematical equations effectively.

The author reflects on their nearly 30 years of experience in computer security and how they began developing forensic tools to track down spammers. They recount the rise of spam and the covert channels used by spammers to send hidden messages, particularly in the early 2000s. The author explains how spammers used forged email headers to stay anonymous and how they identified these covert messages.

As spam filters improved, the effectiveness of such covert channels diminished. The author shares a recent example of a spam email that appears to be an extortion attempt, where the sender claims to have compromising information about the recipient. Despite the alarming content, the author notes that this type of scam has been around for years, and many people, especially those with technical knowledge, are unlikely to fall for it.

The author also speculates on the possible motives behind such spam emails, suggesting they may serve to test mailing lists, servers, or to generate network traffic rather than being solely about extortion. Overall, the discussion highlights the evolution of spam and scams over the years, and the importance of internet security awareness.

The text provides an overview of a personal archive focused on retro computing, specifically 8-bit systems like the KIM-1 and its relatives. It discusses the evolution and significance of Single Board Computers (SBCs), which were affordable microprocessor-based systems popular among hobbyists in the late 1970s. The KIM-1, a notable example, featured basic components like a CPU, memory, and limited I/O options, making it a useful educational tool for understanding programming and electronics.

Additionally, the archive includes updates on various retro computing projects, articles, and resources related to different systems, programming languages, and hardware modifications. It also highlights contributions from Dutch electronic magazines and user clubs that supported the community during the early days of computing. The site aims to document these experiences and foster interest in retro technology.

This repository provides example traces that demonstrate switch bouncing behavior, which can help in designing effective debouncing systems for circuits and firmware.

Key Information:

• Devices Tested: Various types of switches were examined, including rocker switches and push buttons, with specific notes on each device's characteristics.

• Test Setup:

  • Switches were set up as pull-downs, where closing the switch grounds the output.
  • Measurements were taken using a PicoScope at a rate of 8.93MSa/s.
  • Each switch was pressed multiple times under different conditions, resulting in a total of 64 traces recorded.

• Data Visualization:

  • The repository includes plots showing the voltage changes (opening and closing actions) for each switch type.

• PWL and Raw Data Files:

  • PWL files, which simulate switch resistance over time, can be downloaded for use in circuit simulations.
  • Raw data is available in CSV format, organized by device, with voltage readings and timestamps.

Conclusion:

All materials in this repository are in the public domain, making them freely available for use.

Summary of "Lessons From Building a Translator App That Beats Google Translate and DeepL"

The author created a translator app called Kintoun that performs better than Google Translate and DeepL in translating documents while maintaining their original layout. Despite being a novice programmer, the author was surprised by Kintoun's effectiveness after just two weeks of work.

Key Lessons Learned:

1. Kintoun's Performance:

   • Compared to Google Translate and DeepL, Kintoun accurately translated text and preserved layouts, even handling complex elements like phonetic guides better than its competitors.

2. Importance of Distribution:

   • The author emphasizes that promoting a product is as crucial as building it. They learned to engage with potential users by providing solutions to their problems before mentioning their app, which can prevent the cycle of building in isolation and receiving no feedback.

3. Technology Choices:

   • The author found success using Inertia.js with Svelte for creating a reactive user interface, which simplified the development process compared to traditional methods.

Final Thoughts: Building Kintoun was a rewarding experience, especially receiving positive feedback from users, including the author's wife. The next challenge is effectively promoting the app to reach a broader audience. The author encourages readers to try Kintoun and provide feedback.

n8n is a flexible AI workflow automation tool designed for technical teams, allowing users to build workflows with either coding precision or a simple drag-and-drop interface. It can be hosted on-premises for better data control or in the cloud for convenience. Key features include the ability to create multi-step AI agents, integrate with over 400 apps, and use both visual and code-based workflows.

Users across various roles can benefit from n8n:

• IT Ops can onboard new employees and manage accounts.
• Security teams can enhance incident ticketing.
• Dev Ops can translate natural language into API commands.
• Sales can extract insights from customer reviews.

n8n is popular among developers, with over 87,500 stars on GitHub and a 4.9/5 rating on G2. The platform supports self-hosting, providing security features like encryption and version control. Users can easily integrate custom code, run workflows efficiently, and utilize over 1,700 templates to kickstart projects.

The platform has proven successful, with case studies showing significant time savings for organizations that automate their processes with n8n. Users praise its power, ease of use, and extensive integrations, making it a valuable tool for anyone looking to automate tasks effectively.

Amazon recently launched its first production satellites for the Kuiper broadband network, which are different in design from SpaceX's Starlink satellites. The launch took place on April 28, 2025, using a ULA Atlas V rocket, but initial media coverage was limited, resembling a secret military launch. Amazon later released a video showing the satellites deploying in orbit, marking the first public view of the Kuiper satellites since the project was announced in 2019.

The Kuiper satellites are trapezoidal and are designed to operate in low Earth orbit, with plans to launch a total of 3,232 satellites over the coming years. This is part of Amazon's effort to compete in the satellite broadband market, where SpaceX currently leads with over 7,300 Starlink satellites.

Unlike SpaceX, which has been open about its satellite designs, Amazon has kept details about Kuiper under wraps. The satellites were released individually into orbit, with their deployment staggered over about 15 minutes. Amazon's head of Project Kuiper, Rajeev Badyal, previously worked at SpaceX, where he was involved in the early Starlink development.

The total mass of the 27 Kuiper satellites launched was approximately 34,000 pounds, making it the heaviest payload ever delivered by the Atlas V rocket. Each satellite is estimated to weigh between 1,185 and 1,259 pounds.

No summary available.

The text discusses the concept of closures in programming, specifically comparing how different languages handle them, such as C++, Python, and Tcl.

Key Points:

1. Definition of Closures: A closure allows a function to capture its surrounding context (variables) even after that context has gone out of scope.
2. Language Comparisons:
   • In C++, closures can be emulated, but the captured variables may lead to dangling references if not managed carefully.
   • Python effectively captures variables in closures, maintaining their state outside their original scope.
3. Tcl Limitations: Tcl does not have built-in support for closures but can emulate them through workarounds using namespaces and its object system (TclOO).
4. Implementation in Tcl: The author provides a method to create closures in Tcl by using namespaces to preserve variable bindings, though it comes with some limitations.
5. Practical Example: The text includes code snippets demonstrating how to create a counter using closures in Tcl, showing both the setup and how to access closed-over variables.

Overall, the article highlights the challenges and solutions related to implementing closures in different programming languages, with a focus on Tcl.

In "What New Orleans Taught Me," Isaac MacDonald reflects on his ten years living in New Orleans, a city that taught him valuable lessons about life, pace, care, and emotional connection.

Key Points:

1. The Rhythm of New Orleans: The author describes the city's unique vibe, marked by the scent of blooming jasmine and a slower pace of life. He appreciates how people in New Orleans have more time for each other compared to the East Coast's fast-paced lifestyle.

2. Cultural Insights: He explains that New Orleans embodies a "polychronic" approach to time, valuing relationships over strict schedules. This cultural background influences the city’s vibrant social life and community connections.

3. The Importance of Care: MacDonald discusses how the city balances personal and communal care, illustrated by the tradition of second lines—celebratory parades originating from Black mutual aid societies. He emphasizes the need for both intimate and universal care in society.

4. Emotional Resonance: The author reflects on the emotional depth of experiences in New Orleans, such as listening to music that evokes strong feelings. He recognizes the challenges in Louisiana politics but values the connections he formed there.

5. A Time for Change: After a decade, he feels it’s time to leave New Orleans for new experiences, emphasizing that leaving doesn’t mean a lack of love but a need for growth and protection for his family.

6. Final Reflection: As he departs, MacDonald acknowledges the lessons learned in New Orleans—about community, care, and the importance of listening to one's feelings. He sees leaving as a graduation, marking the end of a significant chapter in his life.

Overall, the essay captures the profound impact New Orleans had on MacDonald’s understanding of life and relationships.

Summary of ProxyAsLocalModel

ProxyAsLocalModel is a tool that allows users to access various remote language model APIs as if they were local models, specifically for use in JetBrains AI Assistant. It leverages Ktor and kotlinx.serialization, which are efficient and suitable for creating native images.

Background:

• JetBrains AI Assistant has a free plan with limited usage, leading the creator to look for alternatives using other purchased LLM APIs (like Gemini and Qwen).
• Since only local models from LM Studio and Ollama are supported, a proxy application was developed to connect third-party LLM APIs to JetBrains IDEs.

Development Challenges:

• Initial attempts to use official SDKs for distribution as a GraalVM native image faced issues due to dynamic features in Java SDKs.
• A custom client for the streaming chat completion API was created using Ktor and kotlinx.serialization, which helped achieve better compatibility with GraalVM.

Current Features:

• The application can proxy models from several providers, including OpenAI, Claude, Gemini, and others, to LM Studio and Ollama.
• It supports streaming chat completion API only.

Usage Instructions:

• The application is distributed as a runnable JAR and a GraalVM native image for Windows.
• A configuration file is automatically generated upon first run, which can be edited for setup.

Configuration Details:

• The config file allows users to set ports, enable or disable services, set timeouts, and specify API providers and models.
• The file is designed to be user-friendly, with schema annotations for editor support.

This application enhances the functionality of JetBrains AI Assistant by allowing users to utilize a broader range of language models effectively.

Redis is now open source once more.

In the summer of 1977, Fernanda Eberstadt, at the age of sixteen, began working at Andy Warhol’s Factory. She had long been fascinated by Warhol, influenced by her parents' connections to him. Her father had initially dismissed Warhol, but her mother admired his unique vision and even appeared in one of his films. Eberstadt describes Warhol as a lonely figure, despite his fame, who preferred observing others rather than engaging with them.

Eberstadt finally met Warhol at a dinner arranged by her parents. During their conversation, she felt both shy and drained, noting his casual remarks and quirky personality. Warhol invited her to contribute to his magazine, Interview, but she struggled to suggest suitable subjects. Their connection revealed a shared sense of loneliness and a desire to belong, despite their different backgrounds.

Ultimately, Eberstadt reflects on the complexities of Warhol's character and her own feelings of isolation, emphasizing the deep emotional connections that can exist alongside the allure of fame and success.

No summary available.

No summary available.

In a recent conversation, indie game developer Neal Agarwal discussed his journey in the world of game creation and the significance of craft in an era he describes as "the age of slop." He emphasizes that making quality, thoughtful creations serves as a form of rebellion against the overwhelming amount of mediocre content available today.

Neal Agarwal started creating games at a young age, producing around 100 small games before he turned 20. He gained recognition for his website, Neal.fun, which showcases his unique web games that often blend humor and interactive elements. He values creative freedom, which led him to leave his job at the innovative company MSCHF to focus on his projects.

During their discussion, they touched on various topics, including the impact of AI on game development. Neal believes AI has expanded the scope of what creators can achieve, enabling new genres and experiences. He expresses a desire to create lasting art that resonates with people over time, rather than chasing fleeting viral success.

Neal also shared insights on managing creativity and avoiding burnout, stressing the importance of listening to one’s own needs and pacing oneself in the creative process. He remains committed to maintaining his independence as a creator, allowing him to follow his interests without the pressure of commercial demands.

Overall, Neal Agarwal’s philosophy revolves around crafting meaningful experiences in a digital landscape saturated with low-quality content, and he aims to continue making engaging games that foster genuine connections.

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Summary: Be Cautious with Your UDP Service: Preauth DoS on Windows Deployment Service

This text discusses a serious vulnerability in Windows Deployment Service (WDS), which can be exploited by attackers to remotely crash systems without any user interaction. WDS is important for deploying Windows operating systems over a network, primarily in enterprise settings.

Key Points:

1. Vulnerability Overview:

   • WDS has a denial-of-service (DoS) vulnerability due to its handling of UDP packets. Attackers can send forged packets to exhaust system memory, leading to system crashes.

2. How the Attack Works:

   • WDS uses a service that can be overwhelmed by creating many sessions without limits. Attackers can spoof IP addresses and ports, forcing the server to use up memory until it crashes.

3. Testing the Vulnerability:

   • In tests, sending malicious packets caused a machine to crash within minutes as memory usage skyrocketed.

4. Timeline of Reporting:

   • The vulnerability was reported to Microsoft, but they deemed it of moderate importance and did not prioritize a fix.

5. Recommendation:

   • The authors advise against using Windows Deployment Service due to this vulnerability, as it poses a significant risk to network stability.

Overall, this highlights the need for better recognition and remediation of remote memory exhaustion vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure services.

No summary available.

epub-utils Summary

epub-utils is a Python tool for working with EPUB files.

Key Features:

• Parse and validate EPUB files.
• Extract important information like title, author, and identifier.
• Command-line interface for easy file checking.
• Outputs XML with syntax highlighting.

Quick Start Guide:

1. Installation: Install the package using pip install epub-utils.
2. Command-Line Use:
   • View contents of container.xml: epub-utils your-book.epub container
   • View package.opf contents: epub-utils your-book.epub package
   • Show table of contents: epub-utils your-book.epub toc
3. Using as a Python Library:
   • Load an EPUB file:

     from epub_utils import Document
     doc = Document("path/to/book.epub")
     

   • Access metadata:

     print(f"Package file location: {doc.container.rootfile_path}")
     print(f"Title: {doc.package.title}")
     print(f"Author: {doc.package.author}")
     print(f"Identifier: {doc.package.identifier}")
     

Summary of Storm-Watching Tourism

Storm-watching has become a popular year-round activity, particularly in Tofino, Canada, known for its dramatic waves and winter storms. This trend began in 1996, partly inspired by the movie "Twister," when the Wickaninnish Inn opened, encouraging visitors to enjoy the wild weather instead of avoiding it. The inn features large windows and cozy amenities, allowing guests to experience the storms safely.

The success of this concept has led to other hotels in Tofino and nearby Ucluelet embracing storm tourism, with many offering packages tailored for those seeking adventure in harsh weather. Hotel occupancy during the off-season (November to March) has increased significantly, showcasing the area's transformation into a year-round destination for nature lovers.

While many appreciate the beauty of stormy weather, safety is a concern. Experts advise travelers to be cautious of extreme weather risks, such as falling branches and storm surges.

The appeal of storm-watching has spread beyond Tofino, with other locations like Victoria, BC, and Washington State promoting similar experiences. Overall, storm-watching offers a unique way for adventurous travelers to connect with nature's power.

Researchers in the Philippines have developed a simple and cost-effective method to create adjustable liquid lenses using water droplets. This new approach is inspired by the shape of a water droplet, which can be manipulated to change its curvature and focus by varying the volume of water.

Unlike traditional glass lenses, which have fixed shapes and require complex setups to change their focal length, these liquid lenses can be adjusted easily without any moving parts. The researchers achieved this by coating a glass slide with a water-repellent material (PVC), allowing the droplets to maintain a spherical shape. By adding more water to the droplet, they found that the focal length increased linearly, from 1.3 mm to 7.6 mm as the droplet size increased.

This method provides a flexible and low-cost option for educational and laboratory experiments, making it easier for students and researchers to explore optical systems. The researchers believe this technique could serve as a foundation for developing more advanced liquid lens technologies in the future.

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Elon Musk has successfully established Starbase, Texas, as its own city after a decisive vote by local residents, who approved the measure by a margin of 212 to 6. The voters also elected three officials, all of whom are tied to SpaceX. Most of the residents are SpaceX employees or their families.

The new city will grant SpaceX more control over its development, including zoning and building projects. SpaceX has transformed the area into a major production site for its Starship rocket, but it faces challenges in providing enough housing for its workforce. Currently, about 260 employees live in Starbase, while many others commute from nearby Brownsville. The town has a futuristic look, with uniform housing and advanced manufacturing facilities.

Summary:

Cosmos 482, a Soviet Venus descent craft launched in 1972, is approaching reentry into Earth's atmosphere, expected around May 10, 2025. This craft was originally intended to land on Venus but ended up in Earth orbit. Satellite trackers have captured new images of the capsule, revealing a compact shape and a possible parachute structure. Experts are uncertain if the capsule will survive reentry due to its age and the trajectory it will take. More analysis of the imagery is ongoing, and updates will follow.

Summary of Bloom Filters

Bloom filters are a data structure created to efficiently check if an item is part of a set, using a probabilistic method. This allows for quick rejection of non-member items while minimizing time and space usage. Proposed by Burton Bloom in 1970, Bloom filters are useful in scenarios where most queries will not find the item.

Key Features:

• Probabilistic Nature: If the Bloom filter indicates an item is not present, it's certain that it isn't. If it indicates presence, there could be a small chance of a false positive.
• Efficiency: They are particularly effective when many checks return negative results, speeding up processes by avoiding unnecessary disk reads.

How It Works:

• A Bloom filter consists of a bit array and multiple hash functions.
• To insert an item, it is hashed multiple times, and the resulting bit positions are set to 1.
• To test for membership, the item is hashed again, and if all corresponding bits are 1, it may be present (with a chance of error).

Implementation:

• A simple implementation in Go uses a bit array to store membership information and applies hashing to manage items.
• Parameters like the size of the array and the number of hash functions can be calculated based on the expected number of items and the desired false positive rate.

Practical Example: For a system storing 1 billion items with a 1% error rate, the Bloom filter would need about 9.6 billion bits and would allow for fast membership testing, greatly reducing the need for slow disk reads.

Mathematical Insights: The filter's performance can be mathematically analyzed to determine optimal settings for size and hash functions, ensuring minimal false positive rates.

Overall, Bloom filters are valuable in applications where space and speed are critical, particularly in data storage systems.

The article discusses the decline of tech jobs, termed "enshittification," where tech workers, once highly valued and well-compensated, are now facing deteriorating working conditions. For years, tech workers enjoyed high salaries and perks due to their scarcity and productivity. However, as layoffs increase—over half a million in the U.S. since 2023—workers are losing their leverage.

Tech companies, like Meta and Amazon, are cutting jobs while increasing executive bonuses, expecting remaining employees to take on more work for less pay and fewer benefits. This shift reflects a broader trend where tech workers, previously seen as peers to their bosses, are becoming more like other exploited workers in different industries.

The concept of "vocational awe" is discussed, highlighting how tech workers felt their work was vital, leading them to accept unfavorable conditions. However, as companies push for more productivity, workers are realizing they are being exploited. The article argues that tech workers must unite and organize, similar to workers in other sectors, to regain their rights and improve their labor conditions.

In summary, the tech industry is experiencing a significant shift where once-privileged workers are now facing exploitation, and unionization may be the only way to combat this trend.

New research from the University of Washington challenges the belief that strong math skills are essential for learning programming. Instead, it suggests that language skills and problem-solving abilities are more important. A study involving 42 participants learning Python through an online course found that those with better language aptitude learned the language faster and performed better overall, with language skills explaining nearly 20% of the learning rate, compared to just 2% for math skills.

The study also used brain activity measurements, showing that certain brain patterns linked to language learning were associated with better programming outcomes. These findings indicate that programming may be more closely related to language learning than previously thought, which could help change perceptions about who can be successful in coding.

This research has implications for education, suggesting that removing advanced math prerequisites for computer science could make the field more inclusive, particularly for women, who often excel in language skills. As programming becomes increasingly necessary in various jobs, it may be time to rethink how programming is taught and to focus more on language and creativity rather than strict math skills.

Pipask: A Safer Way to Install Python Packages

Pipask is a tool that replaces pip for installing Python packages, adding security checks to ensure safety before installation. Here are the key points:

• Security Checks: Pipask checks package popularity, age, known vulnerabilities, and download numbers before installation. It warns about packages with fewer than 1000 stars or downloads and those that are very new or very old.

• Installation Process: You can install pipask using pipx for isolation or directly with pip. Once installed, you can use pipask just like pip, and you can create an alias to make pip use pipask automatically.

• Dry-Run Option: You can check what would happen during installation without actually installing anything by using the --dry-run flag.

• How It Works: Pipask retrieves metadata from PyPI without executing any code and asks for consent before running any code that requires it. It gathers information from various sources to provide a report on the package's safety.

Pipask aims to make package installation safer and more informed without sacrificing convenience. For more details, check the introductory blog post and the development guidelines.

Summary of Connomore64 Project

The Connomore64 project is an experimental emulator for the Commodore 64 (C64) that uses multiple inexpensive microcontrollers (RP2040/RP2350) working together. It's still a proof of concept and not ready for regular users.

Key Features:

• Cycle-accurate emulation of the C64, aiming for precise timing and functionality.
• Uses a multiplexed 8-bit bus and can connect to original C64 hardware like floppy drives and expansion ports.
• Outputs video and audio via DVI/HDMI with minimal latency.
• Designed to explore the capabilities of low-power microcontrollers for complex tasks.

Background: This project began as a holiday endeavor to adapt an existing C64 emulator for a powerful ARM platform. However, the initial approach proved inadequate for precise emulation, leading to the current multi-microcontroller solution.

Technical Details:

• The emulator is built upon the rp2040js project, adding features such as cycle-accurate timing.
• C64 emulation code is optimized for speed and improved compatibility.
• Video output uses the PicoDVI library, and audio is provided through a modified SIDKick firmware.

Current Status:

• The project has successfully run many C64 games and demos.
• Some features, such as full expansion port support, are still in development.
• The project aims to be open source in the future, and contributions are welcome.

Overall, Connomore64 is a promising attempt to create an accurate and affordable C64 emulator, leveraging modern microcontroller technology.

No summary available.

We use computers and the Internet daily for work and personal tasks. Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have led to the development of AI agents that can help with work tasks. The performance of these AI agents in completing work-related tasks is important for businesses considering AI adoption and for understanding its impact on jobs.

To evaluate how well these AI agents can perform real-world tasks, the paper introduces TheAgentCompany, a testing platform that simulates a small software company. It includes a controlled environment with websites and data, allowing for various tasks typical of a workplace.

Tests showed that the best AI agent could autonomously complete 24% of the tasks. This suggests that while AI can handle simpler tasks quite well, it struggles with more complex, long-term tasks. Overall, AI agents show promise for automating certain work activities, but there’s still room for improvement.

This research presents a robot that can play table tennis at an amateur human level, a significant advancement in robotics. The main contributions include:

1. Robot Design: The robot uses a hierarchical system with low-level skills (like specific shots) and a high-level controller that selects the best skill based on game conditions and opponent capabilities.

2. Training Approach: The robot was trained using simulations and real matches, allowing it to adapt to different players. This involved defining training tasks grounded in real-world scenarios.

3. Performance Results: The robot played 29 matches against human players of varying skill levels, winning 45% overall. It won all matches against beginners and 55% against intermediate players but lost to advanced players.

4. User Experience: Players found the robot fun and engaging, expressing a strong desire to play again, regardless of their skill level. Advanced players noted some weaknesses, like handling underspin, indicating areas for improvement.

Overall, this work demonstrates the potential for robots to compete in physically demanding sports and highlights the importance of real-time adaptability and skill management in robotics.

No summary available.

No summary available.

No summary available.

The "Birds Tell Us to Act on Climate" page encourages people to support climate action by signing a pledge. It asks individuals to join Audubon in urging elected officials to prioritize scientific advice and work on climate solutions.

Game preservationists are concerned about Nintendo's new Game-Key Cards for the Switch 2. These cards don’t contain the actual game data; instead, they serve as a key to download the game from the online store. This means if the online service shuts down in the future, the cards could become unusable.

Most third-party games for the Switch 2 are expected to use these Game-Key Cards. Critics, like Stephen Kick from Nightdive Studios, find this approach disheartening, hoping that a major company like Nintendo would prioritize game preservation more. However, some experts, like Professor James Newman, argue that even traditional cartridges often become outdated due to patches and updates, making the preservation issue less significant. Paul Dyson from the International Center for the History of Electronic Games believes that the shift toward digital gaming is unavoidable, and Nintendo has been slow to adapt compared to other companies.

Summary of Speedrunning and Modding The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer

On May 2, 2025, a post discussed reverse engineering and modding the game The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer to improve speedrunning techniques. The author, who has played the game with his brother since childhood, aims to optimize their speedrun time after losing the world record.

The game involves combat across 11 levels, culminating in a boss fight. To enhance their speedrun, the author plans to analyze the game's combat system through reverse engineering. They use tools like Ghidra to understand the game’s code and identify areas for improvement.

Additionally, the author proposes creating a mod to display enemy health on screen, which will help in testing combat strategies. They set up a C toolchain to write modifications and generate Action Replay codes for easy sharing and use in emulators.

The post also touches on the history of cheat codes for the game, explaining why some listed codes are incorrect and how they can sometimes be activated in developer mode. The author shares insights on combat mechanics, revealing that certain attacks yield higher damage when used consecutively.

Lastly, the author explores out-of-bounds glitches and concludes that while they enjoyed the reverse engineering process, they haven't yet regained their record. They hope that sharing this information will benefit the small speedrunning community for the game. All related code is available for others to use.

Anukari 3D Physics Synthesizer Summary

Anukari is a unique software synthesizer and effects processor that uses a 3D physics simulation to create and manipulate sound. Users can drag and drop components like masses and springs to build their own 3D instruments or effects, hearing the results in real time. Currently in Beta, it is available at half price, making it $70 instead of $140.

Key Features:

1. 3D Instrument Creation: Users can create imaginative 3D instruments using components like mallets and plectrums, controlled via MIDI keyboards.

2. Audio Processing: Anukari can process audio signals, allowing for innovative effects like reverb and feedback by connecting audio inputs to the physics system.

3. MIDI Support: It supports both traditional MIDI and MIDI Polyphonic Expression (MPE), enabling use with various MIDI controllers.

4. Modulation Options: The program offers extensive modulation possibilities, including sample-accurate LFOs and envelope followers, all displayed through a visual connection system.

5. GPU Processing: Anukari utilizes the graphics card for audio processing, freeing up CPU resources and allowing for complex sounds and effects.

6. Standalone and Plugin Modes: It can be run as a plugin in DAWs on Windows or Mac, or in standalone mode without needing a DAW.

7. 3D Interface: The interface is interactive, resembling a video game, where users can see and manipulate the physics layout of their instruments in real time.

8. Custom Visuals: Users can customize the 3D visuals with built-in options or create their own using software like Blender.

Anukari is designed for musicians and sound designers looking to explore new sonic possibilities through an innovative, physics-based approach.

The author discovered an issue in PostgreSQL when using a Common Table Expression (CTE) with a DELETE statement that includes a LIMIT. The goal was to delete one task from a task_queue table for a specific queue_group_id and return the associated item_id. However, sometimes the query returned multiple item_ids instead of just one, despite the LIMIT.

The unexpected behavior was traced back to the query planner's execution strategy. Instead of executing the subquery with LIMIT 1 just once, the planner executed it multiple times, leading to multiple rows being deleted and returned. This was due to the planner using a Nested Loop Semi Join, which correlated the DELETE operation with the subquery, causing it to run the LIMIT 1 for each candidate row found.

The intermittent nature of the issue was explained by the planner's dependency on table statistics and data distribution, which could change between runs, affecting the execution plan.

To resolve the problem, the author suggested restructuring the query to avoid using a CTE. By directly using a subselect in the WHERE clause of the DELETE statement, the query more clearly communicated the intent to the planner, ensuring that the LIMIT was applied globally.

The key takeaway is to be cautious when using CTEs with DELETE or UPDATE statements that include LIMIT, and to always check the query plan with EXPLAIN ANALYZE to ensure the desired behavior is achieved.

No summary available.

Summary: The Totalitarian Buddhist Who Beat Sim City

The article discusses Vincent Ocasla, a 22-year-old architecture student from the Philippines, who spent four years creating a complex city in Sim City called Magnasanti. Unlike typical gameplay, Vincent's approach is more artistic, using the game to explore themes of control and societal issues.

Magnasanti has a population of six million, but its citizens live in a dystopian state with high pollution and no essential services, reflecting the negative consequences of focusing solely on efficiency and profit. Vincent draws inspiration from the Buddhist concept of the Wheel of Life and critiques how society can become trapped in cycles of control and mediocrity.

He emphasizes that while his city looks orderly, it hides many problems, mirroring real-world issues. Vincent does not play other games anymore, feeling they lack purpose. He also clarifies that he does not have any mental disorders, just a passion for his unique project in Sim City.

Summary: RustAssistant: Using LLMs to Fix Compilation Errors in Rust Code

The paper discusses Rust, a programming language known for its safety features, making it a good choice for low-level systems programming compared to C/C++. However, Rust has a steep learning curve due to its complex features. To help developers, the authors introduced a tool called RustAssistant, which uses Large Language Models (LLMs) to automatically suggest fixes for compilation errors in Rust code.

RustAssistant combines various prompting techniques and interacts with the Rust compiler to achieve about 74% accuracy in fixing real-world compilation errors from popular Rust projects. The tool works by first capturing detailed compiler error messages, then extracting relevant code snippets, and finally sending this information to an LLM to generate a suggested fix. If the fix doesn't completely resolve the issue, RustAssistant iteratively refines the solution until the code compiles correctly.

The paper also provides a dataset of Rust compilation errors for future research and highlights the potential of LLMs to assist programmers in overcoming challenges related to Rust's advanced features. Overall, RustAssistant aims to ease the process of coding in Rust, making it more accessible for developers.

Webflow has made the GreenSock Animation Platform (GSAP) completely free for all users, not just Webflow customers. This move allows developers to use GSAP's tools, including previously paid plugins, at no cost. The goal is to enhance web animation capabilities for everyone.

Key updates include:

1. GSAP Free for All: Users can access all GSAP tools for free, including the standard license for commercial use.
2. SplitText Plugin Upgrade: GSAP's popular SplitText plugin has been improved with features like faster load times, better accessibility, and new animation options.
3. Easier Integration: All GSAP plugins are now directly available within Webflow, making it simpler to create animations.
4. Custom Code Preview: Users can preview their Webflow sites with custom code and animations before publishing.

Future plans include adding popular GSAP features to Webflow’s native interactions and improving the overall experience for users, regardless of their coding skills. Webflow and GSAP aim to revolutionize web animation together.