The ALICE collaboration at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has reported the successful conversion of lead into gold. This process occurs during high-energy near-miss collisions between lead nuclei, which create strong electromagnetic fields. These fields can knock protons out of lead, temporarily forming gold nuclei.

Historically, the idea of turning lead into gold was a goal of alchemists. Although lead and gold are different elements, advancements in nuclear physics have shown that heavy elements can be transformed under certain conditions. The LHC can create quark-gluon plasma, but it also produces gold through the electromagnetic dissociation process, where photons interact with nuclei to eject protons and neutrons.

During its second operational run (2015-2018), the LHC produced about 86 billion gold nuclei, equivalent to a tiny mass of 29 picograms. While this achievement demonstrates that the dream of alchemists has been realized in a scientific context, the quantity produced is far too small to be of any practical value.

This research also enhances understanding of electromagnetic interactions and helps improve models used to predict performance in future colliders.

Here’s a simplified summary of the text:

• User Guide: This explains how to use, install, and operate the Sofie system.
• For Developers: This section has detailed information for those who want to develop or contribute to the Sofie software.
• Releases: Here you can find information about current and past versions of the Sofie system, as well as future updates.
• Community: Join the Slack group to connect with developers and other users of Sofie.

No summary available.

Summary of Sep 0.10.0 Release:

• Release Date: Sep 0.10.0 was launched on April 22, 2025, featuring optimizations for AVX-512 CPUs like the AMD 9950X.

• Performance Boost: The new version achieves an impressive parsing speed of 21 GB/s on the AMD 9950X, up from approximately 18 GB/s in the previous version.

• Improved Hardware Performance: Upgrading from the AMD 5950X (Zen 3) to the 9950X (Zen 5) resulted in about a 1.6x performance increase, thanks to better clock speeds and AVX-512 support.

• New Parsing Technique: A new AVX-512-to-256 parser was introduced, which avoids previous inefficiencies and outperforms both the older AVX-512 and AVX2 parsers.

• Cross-Platform Compatibility: The Vector256 parser now matches the performance of AVX2, ensuring high efficiency across different platforms.

• Benchmark Results: Multi-threaded parsing of 1 million rows on the 9950X takes only 72 ms, achieving about 8 GB/s for real-world CSV data.

• Continuous Improvements: The performance enhancements over the past two years illustrate the effectiveness of ongoing software optimizations and hardware advancements.

In summary, Sep 0.10.0 showcases significant advancements in CSV parsing speed and efficiency, highlighting the synergy between software development and hardware improvements.

Summary of itter.sh:

itter.sh is a simple micro-blogging platform that you access through SSH, without using a web browser or complex features. Here’s how it works:

1. Setup:

   • You need an SSH key to register. If you don't have one, you can create it using the command ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "[email protected]".
   • To register, use the command ssh register:[email protected].

2. Logging In:

   • After registering, log in with ssh [email protected] and type help for commands.

3. Posting and Interacting:

   • You can post short messages (“eets”) of up to 180 characters.
   • Features include showing timelines, following users, and editing your profile.
   • Commands include ittereet <text> to post, and ittertimeline to view posts.

4. Fun and Simple:

   • The platform emphasizes simplicity and enjoyment, built with a focus on nostalgia for terminal use.

Overall, itter.sh offers a minimalist approach to social media, focusing on text-based interactions.

No summary available.

No summary available.

A study about Microsoft’s quantum computing chip has come under scrutiny after an author admitted to “undisclosed data manipulations.” This research, published in 2017, was significant for demonstrating how a type of nanowire could function as a qubit in quantum computing. Recently, the journal that published the study issued corrections but some authors believe these corrections are not enough and are calling for the paper to be retracted.

Concerns about the integrity of this research have been raised, particularly by Henry Legg, a physicist who noted ongoing issues with Microsoft-funded studies. Researchers have been trying to develop quantum computers that could revolutionize fields like chemistry, but the qubits they work with are often unstable and prone to errors.

The study claimed that electrons could move smoothly through nanowires, but co-author Vincent Mourik discovered that data from only a few of the tested junctions were included in the final paper, raising questions about the validity of the claims. Despite acknowledging some errors, senior author Leo Kouwenhoven defended the study’s integrity. However, Mourik argues that the corrections do not adequately address the issues, and he has distanced himself from the paper.

The journal responsible for the publication stated it considers the matter closed and has no plans for retraction.

Summary: Collaboration and Privacy with CryptPad

CryptPad is a free, open-source office suite that prioritizes privacy through end-to-end encryption. It allows users to collaborate in real-time without the need for account creation, making it easy to share documents while keeping data secure.

Key Features:

• Full suite of collaborative apps
• End-to-end encryption for privacy
• Real-time editing and sharing capabilities

User Testimonials: Many users appreciate CryptPad for its functionality and privacy. They highlight its:

• Ease of use and intuitive design
• Ability to share without requiring personal information
• Organization features, such as folder sorting
• Compatibility across multiple operating systems

Users feel secure knowing their data is protected and enjoy the lack of tracking often associated with other platforms like Google Docs. CryptPad is seen as an effective alternative for those seeking both collaboration tools and privacy.

No summary available.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is facing significant changes, including the elimination of its 37 divisions and a major reduction in programs. This restructuring comes amid budget cuts proposed by President Trump, which would slash NSF's funding by 55% for the upcoming fiscal year. As part of the changes, many current leaders may lose their titles and staff will receive layoff notices.

The NSF is also expected to terminate many grants that have already been awarded, which includes nearly 1,400 grants worth over $1 billion pulled in the last three weeks. The agency is justifying the division abolishments as a way to reduce senior executive positions and create new roles better suited to its needs.

Currently, NSF reviews around 40,000 proposals annually, with division directors playing a crucial role in approving funding. A new grant vetting process will also be introduced, focusing on compliance with presidential directives regarding diversity and inclusion. This process will involve additional oversight to ensure proposals align with the agency's updated standards.

No summary available.

Summary of the CL1 Biological Computer

The CL1 is the world’s first biological computer that uses real neurons grown on a silicon chip. These neurons are nurtured in a nutrient-rich solution and are part of a simulated environment created by a system called biOS. This setup allows the neurons to interact with their digital world through electrical impulses.

Key Features:

• Direct Brain Connection: Users can deploy code to the real neurons, enabling innovative solutions to complex problems.
• Biological Neural Networks: These neurons are self-programming and highly adaptable, representing billions of years of evolution.
• Closed-Loop System: The CL1 operates independently, maintaining neuron health for up to 6 months without external support.
• User-Friendly: It supports easy connections to cameras, USB devices, and other tools for experiments, with a touchscreen for monitoring.
• Ethical Testing: The CL1 allows for animal-free research, providing more relevant data on human brain function.
• Sustainable: It requires very little energy, extending research timelines while maintaining neuron viability.

Overall, the CL1 pushes the boundaries of synthetic biology and offers a new way to study brain function and disease mechanisms with greater clarity and efficiency.

The article discusses implementing a "Struct of Arrays" (SoA) in C++26, inspired by a talk on data-oriented design. The original structure, which grouped data members together, is transformed into a format where each member type is stored in separate arrays. This is achieved with minimal code changes.

Key Points:

1. Concept Introduction:

   • A Struct of Arrays (SoA) improves memory usage by separating data members into distinct arrays, enhancing performance.

2. Zig vs. C++ Implementation:

   • The author references a Zig implementation called MultiArrayList, which efficiently handles memory with a single allocation.
   • The C++ version, SoaVector, uses reflection to create and manage arrays for each member type.

3. Storage Structure:

   • Instead of a single array for a structure, SoaVector maintains separate arrays for each data member (e.g., x and y coordinates).

4. Dynamic Array Management:

   • The article outlines how to implement push operations and manage memory for these arrays, including growing the arrays when needed.

5. Element Access:

   • Two indexing methods are defined: one for reading the complete object and another for creating a reference type that allows mutation of the object.

6. Reflection in C++26:

   • C++26’s reflection features facilitate the automatic generation of types and properties based on the structure of the data.

7. Comparison and Insights:

   • The author contrasts the C++ and Zig implementations, noting that Zig's syntax allows for more straightforward type manipulations and initializations.
   • Despite differences in syntax, the underlying concepts of memory management and data manipulation are similar.

8. Final Implementation:

   • The completed SoaVector structure is compact and demonstrates efficient data handling, including memory allocation and deallocation.

Overall, the article emphasizes the benefits of using a Struct of Arrays for memory efficiency while exploring the capabilities of modern C++ through reflection and type manipulation.

Computer science education is changing in two main ways: it is focusing more on practical skills rather than just theory, and there are more students, leading to increased automation in teaching. To effectively automate education, courses need to be well-structured to utilize digital resources and coaching tools. However, current methods for structuring courses focus too much on theory and do not adequately connect different skills.

This paper introduces a new approach called Skill Trees, which outlines the relationships between skills a student should learn. Skill Trees are linked to Concept Trees that represent key ideas. This method is particularly suitable for computer science due to its structured nature. The paper also provides guidelines on how to create these trees and plan courses around them.

The Skill Trees framework was tested in a university database course, where student feedback showed less confusion and stress, as well as reduced study time needed to achieve their skill goals.

Amazon has developed new Vulcan robots that can stow items in warehouse bins faster than humans. These robots have been tested in a warehouse in Germany. While most warehouse robotics focuses on picking items, Amazon is addressing the different challenge of efficiently stowing items.

No summary available.

The Dasung Paperlike 13K is a 13.3-inch monitor with a high-resolution E Ink color display that supports grayscale content at 300 pixels per inch (ppi) and refresh rates up to 37 Hz. It is available for pre-order at $749, with a black-and-white model priced at $679. The monitor can connect via USB Type-C and HDMI, features a touchscreen, and allows you to interact with an Android device by mirroring its screen.

It has a lightweight aluminum body, built-in speaker, audio jack, and physical buttons for various functions. Accessories included are HDMI and USB-C cables, a portable stand, and a magnetic protective cover that doubles as a stand. The color display uses E Ink Kaleido 3 technology, which supports 4096 colors but has lower clarity for video and animations compared to traditional screens. Notably, the color version has a front light, while the black-and-white version does not. Current compatibility is limited to Windows, Linux, and Android devices, with Apple devices not fully supported yet. Pre-orders are expected to ship in about three weeks.

Summary of the Linux Kernel's PGP Web of Trust

The Linux kernel uses PGP for secure development, requiring subsystem maintainers to sign their pull requests. Konstantin Ryabitsev manages a repository of valid keys, currently tracking 602 keys. For a key to be included, it must have a trust path of no more than five steps from Linus Torvalds' key. Currently, two keys have lost their trust paths.

A new issue arises as GnuPG 2.4.x rejects the SHA-1 hash algorithm, which is no longer secure. This change won’t directly impact the kernel's key repository because a special tool is used to check trust paths, which still accepts SHA-1 signatures. However, when Theodore Ts'o updated his key, many SHA-1 signatures were removed, including one from Linus Torvalds, which could weaken the web of trust.

In total, there are 7,976 valid signatures in the repository, with 6,045 relying on SHA-1. Without these signatures, 485 public keys would no longer qualify for inclusion, affecting many key contributors to the kernel.

The strong set of trusted keys would drop from 358 to 94. To address this, a keysigning session is planned at the Embedded Recipes 2025 event. Interested participants should send their public keys to the provided email by May 12, 2025.

BART service is currently suspended everywhere because of a computer networking issue. Please find other ways to travel.

Summary of the Open Inverter Project and ZombieVerter VCU

1. Project Overview: Converting a vehicle to electric drive involves risks and complexities. Users should ensure they have the necessary skills for mechanical and electrical work and comply with legal requirements before starting the conversion.

2. Disclaimer: The Open Inverter project does not take responsibility for any injuries or damages resulting from the use of information provided on their site.

3. ZombieVerter VCU: This is an open-source Vehicle Control Unit designed for controlling salvaged electric vehicle components. It is flexible and supports various parts like motors, chargers, and battery management systems (BMS).

4. Features:

   • Hardware: Includes WiFi, multiple PWM drivers, CANbus interfaces, and more.
   • Software: Offers a web interface for control, data logging, and management of vehicle functions like motor control and charging.

5. Compatibility: The ZombieVerter supports components from popular electric vehicles, including Nissan Leaf and Toyota Prius.

6. Assembly and Wiring: Instructions are available for assembling the VCU, including wiring for power, contactors, and throttle pedals. Proper wiring is crucial for the system's functionality.

7. Initial Setup: To start, connect the ZombieVerter to a power supply and access its web interface. Configuration parameters are adjustable through this interface.

8. Troubleshooting: Guidance is provided for common issues, including serial connection problems and recovering from software update failures.

In summary, the ZombieVerter VCU is a customizable and versatile solution for electric vehicle conversions, but users must be cautious and knowledgeable about the risks involved.

The article discusses the Starlink user terminal, which is part of SpaceX's satellite internet service. Starlink uses low Earth orbit satellites to provide internet access, even in areas without local ground stations, by allowing satellites to communicate with each other via laser links.

Key points include:

1. User Terminal Components: The Starlink user terminal consists of a router and an antenna. The antenna (User Terminal Antenna, UTA) has a large circuit board filled with RF chips and a custom control chip designed by STMicroelectronics.

2. Firmware Analysis: Researchers extracted and analyzed the terminal's firmware, discovering it was mostly unencrypted. The analysis showed how the device operates and manages network connections, indicating a reliance on user-space applications for network packet handling.

3. Emulation: The researchers created a QEMU-based emulation environment to run and debug parts of the Starlink software for further analysis.

4. Security Features: The UTA includes a security chip that manages device identification and encryption for user data transmission, enhancing the device's security.

5. Concerns about Privacy: The researchers found a program that records certain network packets, raising concerns about potential data logging. However, it appears to focus on satellite telemetry rather than user privacy data.

6. Access Risks: The terminal's setup allows numerous SSH public keys, which could present a security risk, as the terminal remains open to the local network.

Overall, the analysis highlights the advanced technology and potential security issues associated with the Starlink user terminal as satellite internet continues to evolve.

Tesla's attempt to trademark the term "robotaxi" for its new driverless two-seater vehicle has been rejected by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) because the term is considered too generic and merely descriptive. CEO Elon Musk believes the company's future lies in this vehicle, which was unveiled last October.

Tesla can challenge the USPTO's decision but must provide detailed marketing information and demonstrate how their vehicle differs from others. The rejection may complicate their branding efforts, as they also failed to trademark "Cybercab" due to existing registrations by other companies.

Tesla plans to test these two-seat electric vehicles in Austin, Texas, without steering wheels or human safety operators, relying instead on remote operators to handle complex issues. Previous testing showed that Tesla's Full Self-Driving (FSD) system often requires human intervention, raising safety concerns.

No summary available.

Summary of WebAssembly (Wasm) 2.0 Overview

WebAssembly (Wasm) is a low-level code format that allows high-performance applications to run efficiently and safely on the web and other platforms. It is designed to be portable, secure, and fast, making it suitable for various environments, including browsers and standalone applications.

Key Design Goals:

1. Performance: Executes near-native speed across modern hardware.
2. Safety: Code runs in a sandboxed environment, preventing memory corruption and security issues.
3. Portability: Works on different devices and architectures without specific requirements.
4. Efficiency: Uses a compact binary format that is quick to transmit and can be loaded and validated quickly.

Core Components:

1. Values: WebAssembly supports basic numeric types (integers and floating-point numbers) and a 128-bit vector type for packed data.
2. Instructions: WebAssembly code operates as a series of instructions processed in a stack-based manner, including operations on data, control flow (like loops and conditionals), and function calls.
3. Modules: A WebAssembly program is structured into modules that define functions, tables, memories, and global variables. Modules can import and export various elements for reuse.

Execution Phases:

1. Decoding: Converts the binary format into a usable internal representation.
2. Validation: Ensures the module meets safety and structure requirements.
3. Execution: Instantiates the module, allowing functions to be called and results to be returned.

Security Considerations: WebAssembly does not have direct access to the host environment, ensuring that all interactions must be explicitly defined by the embedding environment, which can enforce security policies.

Dependencies: WebAssembly relies on established standards for floating-point representation (IEEE-754) and character encoding (Unicode).

Conclusion: WebAssembly 2.0 is structured to be a versatile and efficient code format, enabling high-performance applications across various platforms while maintaining safety and security. Its modular design allows for easy integration and reuse in different environments.

No summary available.

The text recounts the harrowing tale of the HMS Wager, a British Royal Navy ship that encountered disaster while navigating the treacherous Drake Passage in 1741. Originally built for commerce, the Wager was repurposed for a secret military mission against Spain during the War of Jenkins' Ear.

Sailing into the stormy Drake Passage, the Wager faced severe weather and crew illness, resulting in the loss of communication with the rest of the squadron. After a series of misfortunes, including losing a mast and the captain's death, the ship became stranded on an uncharted island, now called Wager Island.

The crew, suffering from scurvy and starvation, struggled for survival. They scavenged supplies from the wreck, faced mutinous tensions, and ultimately decided to split into groups. One faction, led by Gunner John Bulkeley, aimed to sail south towards safety, while others remained loyal to the incapacitated Captain Cheap.

After months of hardship and various adventures, Bulkeley and his group successfully navigated to Brazil, while Captain Cheap and the remaining men encountered more challenges. Eventually, the survivors returned to England, where they faced legal scrutiny for their actions during the ordeal, but the focus was mainly on the ship's loss rather than subsequent misconduct.

In the end, the story highlights themes of survival, leadership conflicts, and the challenges of naval warfare during the Age of Exploration, while also noting the enduring dangers of the Drake Passage, which remains a perilous area for maritime travel today.

In 2006, researchers identified the wreck site of the Wager, uncovering remnants of the ship that had rested on the rocks for over 265 years.

USENIX is celebrating its 50th anniversary in 2025, marking decades of innovation in advanced computing systems. However, it has announced the end of its longest-running event, the USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC), which will conclude in July 2025.

ATC has been a significant platform for groundbreaking developments in computing since its inception, hosting many influential presentations over the years. However, attendance has declined as the community has grown and shifted towards more specialized conferences.

Despite the ongoing submission of important research to ATC, the conference has struggled with decreasing participation and financial challenges, leading to the difficult decision to end it. USENIX acknowledges ATC's vital role in its history and aims to honor its legacy while focusing on future initiatives.

As part of the farewell, USENIX invites attendees to share their memories of ATC by June 2, and plans to celebrate both the conference's history and its 50th anniversary at the final event in Boston in July 2025.

Summary of fui Library

fui, or framebuffer user interface, is a C library designed for interacting with the framebuffer in a terminal environment. It allows direct drawing to the framebuffer using layers. Key features include:

• Layered Drawing: Draws pixels on multiple layers, which are then combined for display.
• Basic Shapes: Functions to draw lines, rectangles, and circles.
• Text Rendering: Supports rendering text using bitmap fonts.
• Event Handling: Manages keyboard and mouse input using libevdev, along with a general event system.
• Sound System: Can play simple tones and chords using ALSA.

Installation: To install the library, you can use the following commands:

1. make
2. sudo make install

Include the library in your compiler flags as -Lfui -l:libfui.a. It's statically linked, so no shared libraries are needed.

Permissions: Since the library requires root access for video and input, add your user to the video and input groups with:

• sudo usermod -aG video "$USER"
• sudo usermod -aG input "$USER"

Log out and back in or reboot for changes to take effect.

Examples: The library includes examples in the examples folder, such as main.c and bodies.c, which showcase its components. There’s also a simple asteroids game that utilizes the sound system, along with tests in the tests folder using cmocka.

Summary of Void

Void is an open-source alternative to Cursor, allowing users to use AI agents on their code, track changes, and run models locally without storing your data. The full source code is available in this repository.

Key Features:

• AI agents for code assistance
• Change tracking and visualization
• Local model hosting

Getting Involved:

• Check out the "HOW_TO_CONTRIBUTE" guide to start contributing.
• Join weekly meetings on Discord for discussions.
• Suggestions and collaborations are welcome.

Resources:

• Visit our website for more information.
• For support, you can reach us on Discord or email [email protected].

Note: Void is based on the vscode repository, and a guide to the codebase is available.

Max plan users can now use Claude Code, a command line tool that connects to Claude models directly in their terminal. This feature allows users to handle complex coding tasks while keeping control and transparency.

With the Max plan, you get access to both Claude (for writing, research, and analysis) and Claude Code (for terminal coding) under one subscription. To use Claude Code, make sure you have an active Max plan subscription. You can choose between two tiers: 5x Pro usage for $100/month or 20x Pro usage for $200/month.

To set up Claude Code, download and install it from the documentation page, and log in with your Claude credentials. Your usage limits are shared between Claude and Claude Code, and they vary based on your chosen plan, the complexity of your tasks, and the size of your codebase.

When you reach your rate limits, you'll receive warnings. Options include upgrading your plan or waiting for the limits to reset. For more efficient usage tips, refer to the provided best practices.

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A Swiss-Italian team has developed "RoboCake," an innovative edible robotic wedding cake that combines robotics and culinary arts. This project is part of the EU-funded RoboFood initiative, which aims to create edible robots and robotized food for various applications, including emergency nutrition and reducing food waste.

RoboCake features two edible robotic teddy bears made from gelatin, syrup, and colorants, which can move due to an internal pneumatic system. Additionally, it includes the first edible rechargeable battery made from safe ingredients like vitamin B2 and chocolate, used to power LED candles on the cake.

The project showcases how merging food and robotics can lead to unique culinary experiences while also addressing issues like electronic waste. Researchers from EPFL, the Italian Institute of Technology, and EHL collaborated to ensure the cake is both delicious and safe to eat.

Overall, the RoboFood project highlights the potential of edible robots in enhancing food preservation, providing nutrition in emergencies, and creating new culinary delights.

Summary of FullControl Design Library

The FullControl Design Library includes an active loading indicator, which is a feature that shows users when something is loading. There are also several elements marked as "coming soon," indicating that more features or updates will be added in the future.

No summary available.

The text discusses a technical issue related to an eBPF program that redirects DNS requests. The author initially set up an eBPF program to handle IPv4 traffic but discovered that the .NET CLI was using IPv6, which led to unexpected behavior in the program.

Key Points:

1. eBPF Program: The program was designed to redirect DNS requests on port 53 for a specific application or container using the BPF_CGROUP_INET4_CONNECT hook.

2. IPv6 Issue: The author’s system had no IPv6 support, so they were surprised when .NET CLI commands caused it to hang and produce messages indicating IPv6 packets were being blocked.

3. Investigation:

   • The author confirmed that while network traffic appeared to be IPv4, the eBPF program for IPv4 connections was not triggered.
   • They used Wireshark and additional debugging to explore the issue further.

4. Discovery of DualMode: After examining the .NET source code, the author found that .NET uses DualMode sockets, which can handle IPv4 traffic over an IPv6 socket. This means that IPv4 addresses can be represented within an IPv6 format (IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses).

5. Fixing the eBPF Program:

   • The eBPF program was updated to handle both IPv4 and IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses.
   • The egress program needed adjustments to distinguish between true IPv6 traffic and IPv4-mapped addresses to avoid blocking valid requests.

6. Conclusion: The author concludes that IPv4 traffic can be sent over IPv6 sockets using a specific format, leading to confusion in the handling of network traffic. The solution involved understanding and adapting to how DualMode sockets work in .NET.

Overall, the text illustrates a complex interaction between eBPF, socket programming, and networking protocols, highlighting the importance of understanding underlying systems when troubleshooting.

The author shares a brief story about their experience as a new Systems Engineer at NeXT in 1991, the company founded by Steve Jobs. While working there, the author noticed that the email alias "[email protected]" was not being used by anyone. They decided to request this alias for themselves, which led to a flood of misdirected emails intended for Steve Jobs, causing panic for the author.

After realizing the mistake, the author quickly changed the alias back to direct to Steve Jobs and sent him an apologetic email. To their surprise, Steve Jobs replied with a simple message: "Great idea, thank you." This reply became a cherished memory for the author, who reflects on their luck in starting their career with an email from Jobs and later receiving one from Tim Cook.

The paper discusses the formal analysis of Apple's iMessage PQ3 protocol, a secure messaging system designed to protect against powerful adversaries, including those with quantum computing capabilities. Here are the key points:

1. Overview of PQ3: PQ3 is a device-to-device messaging protocol used in Apple’s services like iMessage and FaceTime. It combines traditional and post-quantum cryptographic methods to ensure high performance and strong security.

2. Security Features: The protocol offers strong security guarantees such as:

   • Forward Secrecy: Protects past messages even if current keys are compromised.
   • Post-Compromise Security: Allows users to recover from a compromised key and continue secure communication.
   • Protection Against Quantum Attacks: Designed to resist future threats from quantum computers.

3. Formal Verification: The authors created a detailed model of PQ3 and used the Tamarin prover to verify security properties. This includes checking various compromise scenarios to ensure that PQ3 remains secure under different types of attacks.

4. Significant Findings:

   • The analysis shows that Tamarin can effectively handle complex protocols with unbounded loops, challenging the belief that such protocols were beyond the scope of symbolic provers.
   • The combination of classical and post-quantum cryptography in PQ3 enhances its security compared to other protocols like Signal.

5. Protocol Mechanism: PQ3 uses a double ratchet mechanism, which updates keys frequently to maintain security. It includes both symmetric and public-key ratcheting, allowing participants to securely exchange messages even if the conversation direction changes.

6. Implementation Considerations: The authors emphasize the importance of securely storing long-term keys, as their compromise could impact all security guarantees.

In summary, the paper provides a thorough analysis of the iMessage PQ3 protocol, demonstrating its robust security features and the effectiveness of formal verification methods in ensuring its reliability against modern threats.

Summary:

The article discusses the classic horror film "Night of the Living Dead," directed by George Romero, which unintentionally became public domain due to a copyright error by its distributor. This film significantly shaped the modern zombie genre, introducing the iconic image of the mindless, flesh-eating zombie. Romero is recognized as a pivotal figure in horror, having directed several zombie films, with "Night of the Living Dead" being his most famous work. Despite its success, Romero did not receive the recognition or financial rewards he deserved because of his independent approach and the distributor's mistake in failing to copyright the film properly.

Kalker is a new scientific calculator that is changing the way advanced calculations are done. It offers innovative features that make complex calculations easier and more efficient.

Summary of Reservoir Sampling

Reservoir sampling is a method for randomly selecting a sample from a population when you don't know the total size of that population. Here are the key points:

1. Purpose: It allows you to choose a fair sample without knowing how many items are in the total set.

2. How It Works:

   • When you receive items one by one, you must decide whether to keep the item or discard it.
   • The chance of keeping an item decreases as more items are shown, ensuring all items have an equal chance of being selected.

3. Fair Selection:

   • For each new item, you give it a chance based on the total number of items seen so far. For example, the first item has a 100% chance of being kept, the second has a 50% chance, and so on.
   • This method maintains fairness even as the number of items increases.

4. Application in Log Collection:

   • In a log collection service, reservoir sampling can be used to limit the number of logs processed during spikes without losing valuable information.
   • By holding a fixed number of logs (e.g., 5), the service can send them for processing while keeping memory usage predictable.

5. Weighted Variants:

   • There are methods to adjust reservoir sampling for scenarios where some items are more important than others, such as prioritizing error logs.

In conclusion, reservoir sampling is an elegant solution for selecting random samples efficiently, especially in situations where the total size of the data is unknown.

During World War II, the U.S. achieved a remarkable feat by building over 5,000 ships, a significant increase from its pre-war shipbuilding levels. Before the war, the American shipbuilding industry was struggling, with no new oceangoing vessels produced between 1922 and 1928. However, wartime demands led to a massive expansion in ship production, with nearly 40 million gross tons of ships built from 1939 to 1945, including cargo ships, tankers, and naval vessels.

This shipbuilding boom was driven by a collaborative effort between the government and private companies. The U.S. government funded the construction and set production strategies, while private enterprises, including many inexperienced in shipbuilding, executed the work. The U.S. Maritime Commission played a crucial role, shifting shipbuilding from outdated methods to more efficient techniques like welding and prefabrication, which allowed for faster production.

As the war progressed, the U.S. faced urgent shipping needs, particularly after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The Maritime Commission rapidly expanded its shipbuilding programs to produce cargo and military vessels, leading to the construction of new shipyards, including those managed by the innovative Six Companies, known for their efficient construction methods.

One of the most notable ships produced was the Liberty Ship, designed for quick construction using simpler technology. The production process evolved significantly, adopting assembly line techniques and improving labor efficiency. By the end of the war, the time required to build a Liberty Ship decreased dramatically, showcasing the learning curve and efficiency improvements made throughout the war.

Despite the impressive output, U.S. wartime shipbuilding highlighted both the capabilities and limitations of emergency production. While the U.S. managed to build ships at an unprecedented rate, it still struggled with overall efficiency compared to other nations. After the war, the shipyards closed down, and the U.S. returned to lower levels of commercial shipbuilding.

A recent study challenges the traditional view of how Phoenician culture spread across the Mediterranean. Instead of large migrations, it suggests that this influential civilization expanded mainly through cultural exchange and assimilation.

Key findings include:

1. Genetic Diversity: The study revealed that Punic populations had a mix of ancestries, primarily from North Africa and the Sicilian-Aegean region. This indicates a highly diverse genetic background in Punic communities.

2. Cultural Connections: Phoenician culture, originating in the Bronze Age, developed significant innovations like the first alphabet. By the first millennium BCE, Phoenician cities had established extensive trade networks across the Mediterranean, spreading their culture and language widely.

3. Carthage's Influence: By the 6th century BCE, Carthage (a Phoenician colony) became dominant in the region, leading to the term “Punic” used by the Romans for these communities. Carthage is notably recognized for its conflicts with the Roman Republic, especially the Punic Wars.

4. Research Methodology: The study, led by researchers from the Max Planck Institute and Harvard, analyzed ancient DNA from human remains at 14 archaeological sites. It found little direct genetic contribution from Levantine Phoenicians to western Punic populations, highlighting the role of cultural interactions rather than migration.

5. Interconnected Societies: The findings emphasize that ancient Mediterranean societies were cosmopolitan and interconnected, with people frequently trading and intermarrying across great distances.

Overall, this research sheds new light on the cultural and population history of the Mediterranean during the first millennium BCE, revealing a more complex picture of how Phoenician culture emerged and spread.

Ciro is offering job opportunities. If you're interested in working there, you should look into the available positions and apply.

A recent discovery, named AT2024tvd, involves a star being torn apart by a supermassive black hole. Uniquely, this black hole is not located at the center of its galaxy, which is unusual since most supermassive black holes are found there. Instead, there is an even larger black hole at the galaxy's core that is currently consuming matter.

The event was identified by the Zwicky Transient Facility, which detects sudden brightening in the night sky. AT2024tvd was not initially flagged because it appeared more than 2,500 light years away from the galaxy’s center. Further observations using telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope confirmed that AT2024tvd was indeed a tidal disruption event, showing characteristics distinct from supernovae.

This situation raises questions about why there are two supermassive black holes in this galaxy and why one is not at the center. Large galaxies often form through the merger of smaller galaxies, each with its own black hole. Sometimes, these black holes do not merge with the central one and can be ejected into the galaxy’s outskirts due to gravitational interactions.

The study suggests that events like AT2024tvd are more likely to occur in larger galaxies, which have a history of more mergers and therefore more wandering supermassive black holes.

The author recently reported a bug in Chromium, marking their first experience with bug reporting. They work at Monumental, a company developing robots for construction. Their frontend app, Atrium, is built with TypeScript and Rust WASM to share code between the frontend and the robot backend.

The issue they encountered involved a memory leak in their WASM implementation. Occasionally, the memory usage would rise without falling, persisting even after page reloads. They discovered that the JavaScript engine stopped calling memory cleanup functions (finalizers) associated with Rust objects.

To demonstrate the bug, the author created a simplified version of their app, which involved registering many objects in a FinalizationRegistry. This minimal reproduction showed that after several page reloads, the cleanup stopped working, leading to a memory leak.

Although the author usually attempts to fix bugs themselves, they find Chromium's complexity overwhelming and plan to wait for a resolution after submitting their report. They invite others who enjoy exploring browser engine limits to join their team.

Physicists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have briefly turned lead into gold by colliding lead ions at nearly the speed of light. This process creates temporary gold ions that exist for about a microsecond before breaking apart. Researchers aimed beams of lead at each other, and the energy from these collisions allowed some lead nuclei to lose three protons, transforming them into gold.

From 2015 to 2018, these experiments produced 86 billion gold nuclei, totaling around 29 trillionths of a gram. Although this achievement echoes the dreams of ancient alchemists, it is not practical for creating gold in usable quantities. The findings were published in the journal Physical Review.

Summary of Hyper - A New React Alternative

On May 8, 2025, Hyper was introduced as a new markup language for creating user interfaces, emphasizing standards and simplicity. Here are the key points:

1. Core Principles:

   • Standards First: Hyper follows HTML for structure, CSS for styling, and JavaScript for functionality.
   • Simplicity: It aims to make UI composition straightforward with minimal complexity.
   • Design Systems: Design elements are separate and easy to manage.
   • Scalability: It maintains simplicity even as applications grow in complexity.

2. Comparison with React:

   • React mixes logic, structure, and styling, leading to complicated code. Hyper aims to be a simpler, more standards-focused alternative.
   • Component Examples: Hyper's components are cleaner and smaller in size compared to modern and traditional React implementations.

3. Design Flexibility:

   • Hyper allows easy design changes without altering component code, using a centralized CSS file. In contrast, React often requires extensive changes to multiple files.

4. Scalability:

   • Hyper applications are lightweight and maintain their simplicity as they expand, unlike React applications that often become heavier and more complex.

5. Getting Started:

   • Hyper uses Bun for better performance and standards support. Developers can easily install and start using Hyper.

6. Future Plans:

   • Hyper aims to provide full-stack application capabilities and AI-assisted UI generation within the next few months.

7. Community Involvement:

   • Contributions and feedback are welcomed as Hyper develops, with a focus on maintaining its core principles.

Overall, Hyper strives to bring back a simpler, standards-based approach to web development, challenging the complexity often associated with frameworks like React.

Summary of "LetsBeRealAboutDependencies"

Introduction: The author reflects on the issue of software dependencies, particularly in the Rust community where many projects require numerous libraries (crates). While this is a common complaint, the author argues that it’s not unique to Rust, as dependency management is also challenging in C/C++ environments.

First Attempt: The author examines the dependencies of a C++ program, RViz, which shows it relies on many dynamic libraries. They note that while some libraries are expected, others seem unnecessary or confusing. The complexity of building such programs can be daunting and discouraging.

Next Steps: The author explores other non-trivial C/C++ programs such as Evolution, OBS Studio, and VLC, noting that larger programs often have many dependencies. They find that VLC, for instance, has a manageable number of dependencies, thanks to its modular design.

Complexity in GUI vs. CLI Programs: The author observes that GUI programs tend to have more dependencies due to their complexity. They also test command-line tools like lighttpd and debfoster, finding that even simple tools can have unexpected dependencies.

Exploring Minimalism: The author examines smaller projects, such as the dash shell, which has significantly fewer dependencies. This leads to the observation that writing simple, non-GUI tools often results in less complexity.

Conclusions: The author concludes that dependency management is a widespread issue across programming languages, not just Rust or JavaScript. They note that while Linux package managers mask this complexity, it can be overwhelming for programmers. The discussion highlights that modern package managers (like Go's) aim to simplify dependency management by controlling all dependencies during the build process, suggesting three main strategies for handling dependencies:

1. Control all software on the computer.
2. Manage dependencies as part of the build process.
3. Write and vendor as much code as possible.

The author advocates for exploring new solutions to improve dependency management and reduce complexity in software development.

Summary:

• Cardinal Robert Prevost has been elected as the first American pope, named Pope Leo XIV. He addressed a large crowd at St. Peter’s Basilica, emphasizing peace and honoring the late Pope Francis.

• Pope Leo XIV, 69, is from Chicago and has extensive global experience, especially as a missionary in South America. He holds dual citizenship in the US and Peru and previously led a key Vatican office for bishop appointments. He is expected to continue the reforms initiated by Pope Francis.

• The election of Pope Leo XIV was met with congratulations from world leaders, including US President Donald Trump, who called it a significant honor for the United States.

The blog discusses how React Server Components (RSC) can be used to create a static website without needing a traditional server, allowing for free hosting on platforms like Cloudflare.

Key points include:

1. Hybrid Frameworks: Modern frameworks can support both "static" and "server" outputs, making it easier for developers to create websites. This flexibility allows for building static sites that can later incorporate dynamic server features if needed.

2. Advantages of Hybrid Approaches: Using a hybrid framework reduces the need for multiple tools and ecosystems. Developers can choose how to render each page (static or server) based on their needs.

3. Example with Next.js: The author’s blog is built with Next.js, which defaults to static site generation. The blog’s content is generated at build time, meaning the server-side code runs when deploying the site, not during user requests.

4. Clarification on Terminology: The term "React Server Components" can be misleading since they can also operate in a static context. The author emphasizes that static sites can effectively function like server-rendered sites when processed correctly during deployment.

In summary, the blog highlights the benefits of using hybrid frameworks for flexibility and efficiency in web development, showcasing how static sites can be built using server-side technologies.

An Egyptologist named Jean-Guillaume Olette-Pelletier discovered seven secret messages, called crypto-hieroglyphs, on the Luxor Obelisk in Paris while studying its inscriptions. The obelisk, which is over 3,000 years old, was originally erected by Ramses II in Egypt. During the pandemic, Olette-Pelletier noticed unusual inscriptions during his walks and later obtained permission to study the monument closely during renovations.

Crypto-hieroglyphs are complex writings that only the elite in ancient Egypt could understand. Olette-Pelletier's findings reveal that these messages were intended to reinforce Ramses II’s divine status and remind the elite of his power. The obelisk features depictions of Ramses making offerings to the gods, which were meant to be seen by nobles arriving by boat for an important festival.

This discovery highlights that there is still much to learn in the field of Egyptology. Olette-Pelletier's research will be published in a French journal later this year.

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Diffusion language models have advantages over autoregressive models, like being able to generate outputs more quickly and control the generation process. However, they struggle with likelihood modeling and can only produce fixed-length outputs.

This work presents a new type of model called block diffusion language models, which combines elements of both diffusion and autoregressive models. Block diffusion solves major problems of both types by allowing flexible-length outputs and improving speed with techniques like KV caching and parallel token sampling.

We also outline a method for creating effective block diffusion models, including a fast training process, techniques to estimate gradient variance, and noise schedules based on data to reduce variance. As a result, block diffusion achieves top performance in language modeling benchmarks and can generate sequences of any length.

Experts are warning that Oracle is likely to conduct more audits of its Java users as the company approaches its financial year-end. This follows Oracle's switch to a per-employee licensing model, which has resulted in significant price increases for many customers—up to five times higher than before.

Since introducing a paid subscription model in 2018 and changing to per-employee pricing in 2023, Oracle has intensified its audit efforts globally. Companies need to evaluate whether to continue with Oracle or consider alternatives, especially as many existing contracts are up for renewal at the end of May.

Some customers have successfully negotiated to retain their old pricing, but experts recommend that companies prepare to switch to open-source alternatives like OpenJDK to avoid licensing issues. Organizations that are compliant should be cautious about engaging with Oracle's sales teams, as responding to their outreach could imply a need for their services.

Overall, a growing number of Java users are considering moving away from Oracle, with a recent report showing an increase from 72% to 88% in those looking for alternatives.

Summary of Qtap: An eBPF Traffic Monitoring Tool

Qtap is an eBPF agent designed for monitoring traffic in the Linux kernel. It captures data flowing through TLS/SSL functions, allowing visibility into network traffic without needing to modify applications, install proxies, or manage certificates. Key features include:

• Traffic Visibility: Qtap shows both sent and received data in its original unencrypted form, working without interrupting application performance.
• Use Cases:
  • Security Auditing: Ensures sensitive data isn't leaked during network communications.
  • Debugging: Helps identify network issues by revealing the actual data being exchanged.
  • API Development: Allows developers to check data formats without altering code.
  • Troubleshooting Integrations: Confirms the data exchanged with third-party services is as expected.
  • Learning: Aids in understanding protocols through real traffic observation.
  • Legacy System Analysis: Provides insights into poorly documented systems without needing source code.
  • Validation Testing: Checks that application changes do not alter network communication patterns.

Getting Started:

• Demo Mode: Users can test Qtap easily by running a temporary instance.
• Installation: Qtap can be installed and run quickly on compatible Linux systems (Kernel 5.10+ with eBPF enabled).

Community and Development:

• Qtap is in early development, and the team welcomes feedback and contributions. The project is dual-licensed under AGPLv3.0 for open-source use and a commercial license for business applications.

For more information, users are encouraged to visit the project's website or check out the GitHub repository.

The blog post titled "Throwaway Code: Don't recycle, throw it away!" emphasizes the idea that not all code should be reused. Instead of trying to modify or fix old code, it may be better to start fresh with new code. This approach can lead to cleaner and more efficient programming. The author encourages programmers to let go of old, unnecessary code instead of trying to salvage it.

The article discusses the issues surrounding account bans on platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp, particularly from the author's personal experience. The author, Maddy Miller, a software engineer and Minecraft mod developer, was banned from all Meta services after receiving an anonymous threat. Despite her efforts to regain access, including paying for support and seeking help from connections, it was only through a tweet that she eventually got her accounts back.

Key points include:

1. Impact of Account Bans: Losing access to these platforms significantly affected the author's ability to communicate with friends, access information like restaurant menus, and participate in social events, highlighting how integral these platforms have become to daily life.

2. Wider Issue: The problem of account bans is not unique to Meta; it affects many users across different platforms. Many people rely on single sign-on services, meaning losing one account can impact access to other services.

3. Customer Support Challenges: The author points out that major companies often provide inadequate customer support for account recovery, leaving users feeling lost and powerless. Many affected individuals may lack the technical knowledge to navigate the appeals process.

4. Call for Change: The article urges for better accountability and support from companies that have embedded themselves deeply into social structures, as account bans can disrupt lives significantly.

In conclusion, the author reflects on the frightening ease of losing an online account and how difficult it can be to recover it, especially for those less tech-savvy.

The tweet from OneHappyFellow1 highlights a common concern among programmers using dynamically typed languages: uncertainty about how library changes and minor version upgrades may affect their code. The author, who primarily uses Clojure, argues that Clojure's ecosystem is known for its stability, which contrasts with this concern.

To support this claim, the author references discussions in the Clojurians Slack, where many users praise Clojure's stability. Charts comparing the introduction and retention of code in Clojure and Scala also suggest that Clojure libraries maintain a stable codebase. Additionally, the author shares a personal experience with their library, Fusebox, where the community prioritized maintaining compatibility over making potentially breaking changes.

The author explains that Clojure is distinct because it emphasizes stability by avoiding common pitfalls that lead to breaking changes, such as renaming functions or changing method signatures. Instead of altering existing functionality, developers create new functions or libraries when improvements are necessary. This approach fosters a more stable ecosystem.

Ultimately, the key reasons for Clojure's library stability include:

• Avoiding renaming of functions and data structures.
• Not increasing the required input for functions or reducing their output.
• Emphasizing a deliberate approach to development that minimizes disruption for users.

The author argues that while static typing can offer some advantages, the real issue lies in how libraries manage changes. By adhering to principles that prioritize user experience, Clojure libraries can maintain stability and reduce the pain of upgrades for developers.

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In the past three years, researchers have identified significant security risks associated with GitHub Actions, especially highlighted by two recent incidents.

1. Incidents:

   • A supply chain attack in December introduced a cryptominer into a popular Python package via a vulnerable GitHub Actions workflow.
   • In March, an attacker exploited common vulnerabilities to compromise multiple repositories, leading to harmful changes in workflows and access to sensitive credentials.

2. Key Terms:

   • GitHub Actions: Automation tools within GitHub for tasks like building and deploying code.
   • Workflow: A sequence of automated tasks defined in a YAML file.
   • Action: A reusable unit within a workflow that performs specific tasks.
   • Job: A unit of work within a workflow that can run tasks.

3. Security Recommendations:

   • Set workflows to read-only permissions to prevent unauthorized modifications.
   • Use only verified Actions from trusted sources and maintain an allowlist.
   • Restrict workflow adoption and use self-hosted runners cautiously.
   • Avoid allowing workflows to create or approve pull requests to prevent unauthorized changes.

4. Branch Protection: Implement rules to ensure only trusted code merges into main branches, and use options to prevent malicious post-approval changes.

5. Secrets Management: Treat secrets (like tokens and credentials) with care. Use repository-level secrets and limit access to only necessary jobs.

6. Workflow Writing: Carefully manage permissions and avoid using third-party Actions without proper vetting. Use hash pinning for consistency and security.

7. Common Vulnerabilities: Be aware of potential issues, such as:

   • Poisoned Pipeline Execution: When untrusted input reaches privileged workflows.
   • Command Injection: Occurs when user-controlled inputs are used in workflows without validation.

8. Runner Security: Use GitHub-hosted runners for safety, but if you must use self-hosted runners, isolate them and monitor for compromise.

9. Actionable Takeaways:

   • Limit the use of third-party Actions and minimize permissions.
   • Regularly audit workflows for security vulnerabilities.
   • Utilize open-source tools for better security practices.

By following these guidelines, organizations can enhance their security posture when using GitHub Actions.

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Cogent Core is a free, open-source framework that helps you create fast and stylish 2D and 3D applications for multiple platforms, including macOS, Windows, Linux, iOS, Android, and the web, all using a single Go codebase. This means you can "Code Once, Run Everywhere." For more details, including documentation and examples, visit the Cogent Core website, which is also built using Cogent Core technology. Before you start developing, make sure to follow the installation instructions on the website. The project is supported by sponsors like October Swimmer, which helps improve Cogent Core.

A new artificial intelligence can create very accurate images of what a person is looking at by analyzing their brain activity. The accuracy improves significantly when the AI focuses on specific areas of the brain. According to Umut Güçlü from Radboud University, these reconstructions are some of the most precise achieved so far.

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A software engineer named Kyle Schutt, who works for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and DOGE, has had his computer infected by malware that steals information. This malware has leaked his login credentials multiple times since 2023, indicating that his devices may have been hacked.

Schutt accessed sensitive financial management software for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which could mean that attackers might have accessed sensitive government information if he used the same passwords for work. His credentials have appeared in various data breaches, including major incidents affecting millions of users.

Experts suggest that while the leaks show his credentials have been compromised, it doesn't necessarily mean he used weak passwords. However, the repeated exposure of his credentials raises concerns about possible security failures within his agencies. Critics have pointed out other operational security issues within DOGE, suggesting that there may be serious security lapses.

Authorities from CISA and the Department of Homeland Security have not yet responded to requests for confirmation on this issue.

No summary available.

No summary available.

In December 2024, a large sinkhole appeared on I-80 in New Jersey, causing major traffic disruptions. Similar incidents occurred in February and March 2025, leading to investigations that revealed the root cause: abandoned underground iron mines from over a century ago. These mines, lacking proper documentation and oversight, can lead to dangerous subsidence when they collapse.

Historically, mining has evolved from surface extraction to underground methods, mainly due to the demand for coal during the Industrial Revolution. However, early mining practices didn't prioritize the long-term safety of mines, leading to abandoned sites that can flood and erode over time. This can cause the ground above to sink or form sinkholes, affecting homes and infrastructure.

Complicating matters, property rights often separate surface and mineral rights, making accountability for damages difficult. Modern mining practices aim to reduce subsidence risks, but methods like longwall mining can still lead to inevitable surface collapses.

To manage these issues, engineers use various techniques to predict and measure subsidence, and reclamation efforts are made to repair damaged areas. While mining has improved, challenges remain in balancing resource extraction with safety and environmental concerns.

The article discusses the rise of "pig butchering" scams, a type of online fraud where scammers build fake romantic relationships to trick victims into sending money. These scams are often run by criminal syndicates in Southeast Asia, particularly in Myanmar, and they have become increasingly sophisticated, using platforms like Facebook, WhatsApp, and cryptocurrency for recruitment and money laundering.

Gavesh, a victim of this trafficking, shares his story of being lured by a fake job ad on Facebook that promised high pay. Instead, he ended up in a scam compound where he was forced to work long hours under harsh conditions, often facing violence if he did not meet targets. He describes the compound as a mix between a company and a prison, where workers were controlled and monitored closely.

The article highlights the role of Big Tech in enabling these scams, as social media platforms and messaging apps are frequently used to recruit and connect with victims. Despite some acknowledgment of the problem and efforts to take down scam accounts, experts argue that more proactive measures are needed from tech companies to prevent such abuses.

The scams have reportedly caused billions in financial losses worldwide, and many victims, like Gavesh, struggle to recover from their traumatic experiences. The piece emphasizes the need for stronger regulations and actions from tech companies to dismantle these criminal networks and protect vulnerable individuals from being exploited.

No summary available.

The blog post discusses the history of the visual telegraph, invented by Claude Chappe in the late 18th century. Chappe, motivated by the need for long-distance communication, developed an optical telegraph system using a series of towers with movable arms that could convey messages through different positions. This system was successfully demonstrated in 1793 and expanded rapidly, especially under Napoleon Bonaparte, who wanted more telegraph lines to receive updates on military activities.

Chappe faced challenges, including rivals claiming credit for his invention, and tragically, he died by suicide in 1805. The optical telegraph remained in use until 1852 when it was replaced by the electric telegraph. Today, some of Chappe's towers still exist, and there are memorials dedicated to him in Paris. The post highlights Chappe's significant contribution to communication technology and his enduring legacy.

The article explores how much information is contained in human DNA, which consists of about 3.1 billion base pairs that can represent four values (A, T, C, G). This results in an initial estimate of around 6.2 billion bits of information. However, several complexities arise:

1. Dual Copies: Humans have two versions of each chromosome, one from each parent.
2. Genetic Similarity: Most human DNA is nearly identical, raising questions about what should be counted as "information."
3. DNA Compression: DNA can be compressed, complicating how we measure information.
4. Functionality: Not all DNA segments are functional or useful, adding further complexity to defining "information."

The article discusses different definitions of "information," including storage space (how much data can be held) and compression (how to minimize data size). For instance, DNA can theoretically hold a vast amount of data, but due to genetic similarities and repeated sequences, the actual usable information is less.

Compression algorithms can reduce DNA data significantly, with the best estimates suggesting a range of 120 million to 4.6 billion bits, depending on the method used.

The complexity of DNA extends to its function, where only about 1% codes for proteins, while the rest plays various regulatory roles or may have unknown functions. The article concludes that defining the "information content" of DNA is still uncertain due to ongoing research and the evolving understanding of genetics. The proposed "phenotypic Kolmogorov complexity" suggests that a significant amount of DNA could be unnecessary, estimating that the essential information could be between 60 MB and 750 MB, but this remains speculative.

The text discusses the history of Cursor's tab-completion feature, particularly its acquisition of Babble, a leading tab-completion model.

Key points include:

• Jacob Jackson created TabNine in 2018, one of the first code-completion tools, which later evolved into Babble.
• Babble uses edit sequences for training, making it more effective than traditional methods.
• Cursor's acquisition of Babble in 2024 gave them a significant advantage, as Babble had a high context window of 1 million and better speed compared to competitors.
• Cursor's model was previously behind in performance, but their acquisition allowed them to leverage a large customer base for data, enhancing their tab-completion capabilities.
• The collaboration between Cursor and Jacob Jackson was facilitated by their prior connections, making the acquisition a strategic fit.

Overall, the acquisition positioned Cursor as a leader in AI-powered coding assistance.

The text discusses overload resolution and implicit conversion sequences in C++. The author reflects on the importance of understanding how types can be converted and how certain conversions are preferred over others when resolving function overloads.

Key points include:

1. Implicit Conversion Sequences: These are the steps taken to convert one type to another, which can involve standard conversions and user-defined conversions. The author focuses on standard conversions, which include several types, such as lvalue-to-rvalue and array-to-pointer conversions.

2. Qualification Conversions: The text elaborates on how const and volatile qualifiers affect type conversions, introducing the concept of cv-qualification signatures to determine if one type can be converted to another.

3. Overload Resolution: When multiple functions (overloads) are available, the compiler determines which is the best match by evaluating the implicit conversion sequences for each argument. A viable function must match the number of arguments, satisfy constraints, and allow for implicit conversions.

4. Better Conversion Sequences: The text defines criteria for what makes one conversion sequence "better" than another, emphasizing that standard conversions are generally preferred over user-defined ones.

5. Examples: The author presents several code examples to illustrate how overload resolution works and why certain conversions succeed or fail.

In conclusion, the author expresses a mix of admiration and frustration with the complexity of C++ type conversions and overload resolution, acknowledging that while the system is robust, it can also lead to confusion and errors if not understood properly.

Summary:

ty is a fast type checker and language server for Python, developed in Rust. It is currently in pre-release, meaning it may have bugs and incomplete features.

To get started, you can install it using the command: uv tool install ty. You can check a Python file or project with ty check myfile.py or ty check my_project/, and start the language server for IDE integration with ty server.

For questions or to report issues, you can open an issue in the project's repository. Development occurs in the Ruff repository, where you can also submit changes.

ty is licensed under the MIT license, meaning contributions will also follow this license.

Apple is reacting quickly to a recent court ruling that limits its control over the App Store and allows developers to use external payment methods. The company claims that the ruling, described as an "extraordinary Order," punishes it for not following earlier court orders and will lead to significant financial losses, potentially costing "hundreds of millions to billions" of dollars annually.

The ruling, made by US District Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, found that Apple had engaged in anticompetitive behavior and referred the case for potential criminal charges. In response, Apple has filed an emergency motion to pause the implementation of the ruling while it prepares an appeal. The company argues that it has already complied with earlier injunctions by allowing developers to inform users about alternative payment options. However, it warns that the new rules undermine the trust and integrity of the App Store ecosystem.

The text lists different types of content or sections that might be found on a website. These include:

• Feature articles
• Codesod (possibly a specific topic or section)
• Error'd (likely related to errors or troubleshooting)
• Forums (for discussions)
• Other articles
• A random article section

It's a simple overview of various articles and forums available on the site.

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The text outlines the main navigation options for a platform or software called SearchK. The key sections include:

• Home: The main page.
• Tutorials: Guides to help users learn.
• Quick Start: A fast way to get started.
• Performance Tips: Advice for improving performance.
• Profiling: Tools for analyzing performance.
• API: Information about the application programming interface.
• Devices: Details on supported devices.
• Streams: Information on managing data streams.
• Kernel Programming: Guidance on programming within the kernel.
• Exceptions: Handling errors in the system.
• Memory: Managing memory usage.
• Host-Call: Interactions between the host and other components.
• Printing: Options for outputting information.
• Intrinsics: Special functions provided by the system.
• Appearance: Customization options for the user interface.

This summary simplifies the navigation structure of SearchK, highlighting its main features.

Summary of "Product Purgatory: When They Love It But Still Don’t Buy" by Jason Cohen

Many potential customers express interest in a product but do not make a purchase, creating a situation known as "Product Purgatory." This happens when customers genuinely like a product but feel no urgency to buy it.

Cohen introduces the "Magic Wand Test" to illustrate that even if a product is appealing and could be free, customers might still decline due to implementation risks, costs, and disruptions. For instance, a startup that provided email security solutions failed to sell its product despite the evident need because companies were wary of the risks involved with a new vendor.

Even if a product passes the Magic Wand Test, it may not be a priority for potential buyers. Customers typically focus on a few top priorities, and if your product isn't one of them, it will be postponed.

To overcome Product Purgatory, businesses should identify and target customers who have an urgent need for their product—those who view it as critical to their strategy, face emergencies, or experience competitive or financial pressures.

Ultimately, finding the right customers who need the product now is key to making sales and escaping Purgatory. Focusing on a specific target market with immediate needs can lead to successful sales, as many others may also find the product useful.

Summary of "Using Coalton to Implement a Quantum Compiler"

Introduction to Coalton and Quilc
Quilc is a quantum compiler written in Common Lisp that optimizes quantum programs in the Quil language. Despite its strengths, it faces challenges like runtime type errors and limitations due to its dynamic typing. Coalton, a strictly typed language, aims to solve these issues and introduces a new feature called discrete compilation.

Quantum Operations and Compilation
Quantum programs consist of operations represented as unitary matrices. These matrices can be constructed from a limited set of native operations (like RX and CNOT). The goal of a quantum compiler is to convert arbitrary matrices into sequences of these native operations. Discrete compilation allows for approximating these operations with a finite set of discrete operations while accepting that exact reconstruction isn’t always possible.

Ross and Selinger’s Algorithm
The authors discuss a specific algorithm by Neil Ross and Peter Selinger for discrete compilation. Their method allows for approximating quantum operations using a set of discrete operations, termed the Clifford+T set. The algorithm involves complex mathematical manipulations to discretize certain operations, making it efficient for quantum computing.

Coalton’s Mathematical Strengths
Coalton simplifies the implementation of the Ross-Selinger algorithm by allowing easy handling of various mathematical types. It uses a system of type classes to manage operations across different number systems, making it easier and safer to perform complex arithmetic.

Implementing Discrete Compilation in Quilc
With Coalton's capabilities, Quilc now supports discrete compilation for quantum programs, allowing it to compile for platforms that only accept the Clifford+T set. Users can simply load the relevant modules to enable this feature.

Managing Errors and Validating the Compiler
The compiler approximates certain operations, which can introduce errors. The authors emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate tolerances for these approximations and provide methods for users to validate their programs against expected outcomes.

Conclusion
Coalton has successfully implemented a complex mathematical algorithm for discrete compilation in a quantum compiler, enhancing its functionality and correctness. The development team is open to contributions and improvements to the language.

This summary condenses the key points while making the content accessible and easy to understand.

Summary of CVE-2025-46336 (rack-session)

• Issue: A vulnerability in the Rack::Session::Pool middleware allows deleted sessions to be restored during simultaneous requests. This could let an unauthenticated user regain access to a session even after a logout.

• Severity: Medium (CVSS v3.x score of 4.2).

• Affected Versions: Versions of rack-session 2.0.0 and earlier are vulnerable.

• Patched Version: Version 2.1.1 and newer have the fix.

• Impact: If an attacker can obtain a session cookie, they might maintain access to a session even after the user has logged out, especially if they trigger a long-running request during the logout process.

• Mitigation:

  1. Upgrade to the latest version of rack-session.
  2. Change session invalidation methods to use a "logged_out" flag instead of outright deletion.
  3. Consider a custom session store that tracks session invalidation timestamps.

For more information and related advisories, please refer to the links provided in the advisory documents.

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A new study from Duke University highlights the social challenges of using AI tools at work. While AI can enhance productivity, it may also harm a worker's reputation. The research found that employees who use AI, like ChatGPT, are often judged as less competent and diligent compared to those who use traditional tools. This bias was seen across all demographics and led many to hide their AI usage for fear of being perceived as lazy.

The study involved over 4,400 participants and showed that managers who don’t use AI are less likely to hire candidates who do, while those who use AI favor AI users. Interestingly, if the AI's usefulness is clear for a task, the negative perceptions decrease. Overall, the findings suggest that societal stigma may hinder the adoption of AI in workplaces, despite its potential benefits. Additionally, while many workers report time savings from AI, some end up with more tasks, complicating the impact of AI on work dynamics.

The article discusses the potential of protein design tools to address the shortage of snake antivenoms. Here are the key points:

1. Current Antivenom Issues: There is a significant shortage of effective snake antivenoms, with venomous snakebites resulting in 81,000 to 138,000 deaths annually. Antivenoms are expensive, often inaccessible to those in need, and the production is economically unviable due to low demand and high costs.

2. Complexity of Snake Venom: Snake venom is highly diverse, varying not just between families and species but also within the same species and even in individual snakes over time. This complicates the development of effective universal antivenoms.

3. Antivenom Production: Traditional antivenom production involves milking snakes for venom, injecting it into horses or sheep to produce antibodies, and then extracting these antibodies for treatment. This method is outdated and faces challenges such as economic feasibility and production scalability.

4. Protein Design Innovations: Recent advances in computational biology, such as using tools like RFDiffusion, have shown promise in creating proteins that can bind to specific toxins, potentially leading to new antivenoms. However, these innovations do not yet solve the broader challenges posed by venom diversity.

5. Future Potential and Challenges: While there is hope for developing universal antivenoms through protein design, significant challenges remain. The economic landscape for antivenoms is difficult, primarily serving low-income populations who cannot afford them, which hinders investment in production solutions.

6. Conclusion: Protein design tools may help create more effective antivenoms, but they do not guarantee a solution to the economic and logistical issues of antivenom distribution, especially in underprivileged areas. The future of antivenom production may hinge on overcoming these economic barriers and finding sustainable production methods.

Google has announced a partnership with Elementl Power to invest in three new advanced nuclear energy projects in South Carolina. This move is part of Google's strategy to address increasing emissions from its growing data centers. Although Google aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2030, its emissions have risen by 13% in 2023 and by 48% since 2019 due to higher energy consumption.

The new projects will each produce at least 600 MW of power, contributing to Google's goal of 24/7 carbon-free energy by 2030. Google has previously partnered with Kairos Power to develop smaller nuclear projects providing up to 500 MW of carbon-free energy.

Both Google and Meta have joined a commitment to triple global nuclear energy capacity by 2050, recognizing the increasing energy demands of various industries. Elementl Power, which was established in 2023, aims to develop over 10 gigawatts of nuclear energy in the U.S. by 2035. Its CEO emphasized the importance of partnerships like this to secure funding for new nuclear projects that can deliver clean, reliable energy.

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The document titled "Schroepell-RSA-comments-1977" discusses comments made by Rich Schroepell in 1977 in response to Ron Rivest regarding the RSA paper on cryptography. Notably, Schroepell suggested the names "Adolf and Bertholdt" for the characters in the RSA example, which were eventually changed to "Alice and Bob" by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman. The item is available for download on Archive.org, but does not have a preview. It is part of a collection related to cryptography research and is published under a specific usage license. The document also includes various download options for users.

Learning for computers involves improving guesses based on past mistakes. This process can begin with a concept called linear regression, which helps predict outcomes, like house prices based on size. Typically, larger houses cost more, creating a predictable trend that can be visualized on a graph as an upward slope.

To estimate the price of your own house, you might draw a line through past sales data, using the house size (square footage) to derive a predicted price. This line is defined by two key components: the slope (price per square foot) and the intercept (the predicted price of a zero-square-foot house).

Determining the best line involves measuring how well it fits actual sale prices, which is done by calculating errors (the difference between predicted and actual prices). A common method is to use absolute errors, but this can overlook significant mistakes. Instead, squaring the errors gives more weight to larger discrepancies, leading to a more reliable model.

To find this optimal line, we use an approach called gradient descent, which is like moving downhill on a smooth slope to find the lowest point (least error). By adjusting the slope and intercept step by step based on the slope of the error curve, we can hone in on the best line. Squared errors make this process smoother and more effective.

Overall, this method of adjusting predictions based on minimizing errors is fundamental to various applications, including deep learning, where similar principles apply to training algorithms.

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The article discusses a new method for changing the shape and topology of closed surfaces using principles from origami and kirigami. Closed surfaces, like spheres and cubes, are typically more rigid and stable than open surfaces. The authors present a system that allows these surfaces to morph between different shapes (like a cube and a sphere) and even change their topology (such as from a sphere to a torus) while maintaining structural integrity.

This method combines the rotation of panels around creases (origami) and hinges (kirigami) to enable these transformations. The researchers designed a two-step process to ensure the panels work together effectively, achieving both compatibility and bistability (the ability to hold two stable shapes).

The findings suggest that this approach could lead to advanced materials and structures for various applications, such as drug delivery systems and soft robotics. Overall, the research highlights the potential of integrating origami and kirigami techniques to create adaptable and multifunctional materials.

Summary of Mac Themes Garden Launch

On May 5, 2025, the Mac Themes Garden website was launched, featuring over 3,000 Kaleidoscope themes from the Classic Mac era. Users can view, download, and explore these themes, and subscribe to an RSS feed for updates. The site offers an option to embed a button on other websites.

Background: The creator, Damien, previously ran the Mac Themes Bot, showcasing themes from Mac OS X and Classic Mac on social media. After facing challenges in obtaining original theme data, Damien manually documented around 4,000 Kaleidoscope themes by taking screenshots and collecting relevant information.

Website Development: In early 2023, Damien began creating the website, using Airtable to manage theme data and Astro for building the site. The goal was to mimic a Mac OS 9 user interface, employing advanced CSS techniques to recreate the look without images.

The site features nearly 5,000 pages, including author pages. Performance optimizations were made to ensure quick loading times. Damien also integrated interactive elements, such as collapsible and zoomable windows.

Future Plans: Damien aims to finish recording all themes and enhance the site with features like a color search option and a gallery for user-submitted images of old Macs using the themes. Users are encouraged to subscribe to the RSS feed for updates.

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