On August 28, 2025, a member of the TrueNAS community named Joel0 created a version of TrueNAS that works on Arm architecture, which the author decided to test using a Raspberry Pi. The author has experience running storage servers on Arm devices and believes that using less powerful hardware can help uncover configuration issues and improve understanding of the applications.

Running TrueNAS on a Raspberry Pi presents challenges, particularly due to the absence of official UEFI support. Instead, the author had to use a community project to enable UEFI on the Raspberry Pi 5. This involved updating the bootloader and configuring the system to work with UEFI.

Once UEFI was set up, the author followed steps to install TrueNAS on a USB drive connected to the Pi. Although the installation went well, there were some initial issues, such as a service failing to start, which were resolved through troubleshooting.

Currently, the setup has limitations due to incomplete UEFI support, such as the inability to use built-in Ethernet and certain device functionalities. The author questions why official UEFI support isn't considered for the Raspberry Pi, as it would broaden compatibility with various operating systems.

The author also mentions a new project involving a custom storage server that faces recognition issues with connected hard drives due to UEFI restrictions. They suggest that for optimal performance, TrueNAS should still be run on more powerful Arm hardware or traditional x86 systems, while noting that there are ongoing developments for UEFI support on other Arm platforms.

The article explores the costs associated with AI inference, specifically focusing on the differences between input processing and output generation. Here are the key points:

1. Cost Analysis: The author challenges the notion that AI inference is extremely expensive. They break down the costs, primarily looking at compute expenses, using a hypothetical setup of H100 GPUs.

2. Input vs. Output Costs: Input processing is significantly cheaper, costing about $0.001 per million tokens, while output generation is much more expensive at around $3.08 per million tokens. This creates a stark cost asymmetry.

3. Performance Setup: The analysis uses a model setup designed for high throughput, processing millions of tokens per second during the input phase, while output generation is limited to thousands of tokens per second.

4. User Economics: Different user types, such as casual consumers and developers, show varied cost structures, often with high profit margins for AI service providers. For instance, developer tools benefit from high input token usage and lower output needs.

5. API Profitability: The API pricing structure shows significant profit margins (80-95%), indicating that the AI inference business can be highly lucrative.

6. Conclusion: The author argues that AI inference may not be as unsustainable as commonly thought, especially for applications that heavily rely on input tokens. They caution against overestimating costs, which could hinder competition and innovation in the AI space.

Overall, the article suggests a more nuanced understanding of AI inference costs, highlighting that many applications could be profitable despite the prevailing narrative of high expenses.

Summary of Mosh (Mobile Shell)

Mosh is a remote terminal application designed to improve the user experience of SSH terminals, especially in unreliable network conditions. Here are the key points:

• Functionality: Mosh allows users to maintain a stable connection while switching between different Internet connections (like Wi-Fi or cellular) without losing their session. It also works well when a device goes to sleep or if the connection drops temporarily.

• User Experience: Unlike traditional SSH, which can feel slow due to waiting for server responses, Mosh provides instant feedback when typing, making it more responsive. It is particularly effective for text editors and terminal applications.

• Installation: Mosh is available on various platforms, including GNU/Linux, macOS, iOS, Android, and more. Users can install it through package managers or build it from source.

• Security: Mosh does not require superuser privileges for installation. It uses SSH for initial login and then operates over UDP for data transfer, ensuring secure and efficient communication.

• Unique Features: Mosh supports UTF-8 encoding, handles packet loss better than SSH, and offers intelligent local echo (showing typed characters immediately). It also fixes issues commonly found in other terminal emulators.

• Development: Mosh has been updated regularly, with the latest version (1.4.0) released in October 2022, introducing new features and improvements.

Overall, Mosh enhances remote terminal usability, particularly in mobile or unstable network environments, making it a reliable alternative to standard SSH.

No summary available.

Access is denied with an error code. The message is protected by Anubis and created by Techaro in Canada. The mascot design is by CELPHASE.

Summary:

This blog post serves as a comprehensive guide to essential mathematical equations in machine learning (ML). It aims to help readers, with a basic understanding of math and programming, grasp the core concepts of ML through key equations, their significance, and practical Python implementations.

Key Topics Covered:

1. Probability and Information Theory:

   • Bayes' Theorem: Updates probabilities based on new evidence and is fundamental for classification tasks.
   • Entropy: Measures uncertainty in a distribution, useful for decision trees.
   • Joint and Conditional Probability: Describes relationships between events, forming the basis for probabilistic models.
   • Kullback-Leibler Divergence: Measures the difference between two probability distributions.
   • Cross-Entropy: A loss function that quantifies the difference between true and predicted distributions.

2. Linear Algebra:

   • Linear Transformation: Fundamental in neural networks for mapping inputs to outputs.
   • Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: Help understand data variance, used in techniques like PCA.
   • Singular Value Decomposition (SVD): Breaks down matrices for data structure analysis.

3. Optimization:

   • Gradient Descent: A method for updating model parameters to minimize loss.
   • Backpropagation: Computes gradients for training neural networks efficiently.

4. Loss Functions:

   • Mean Squared Error (MSE): Measures average squared differences between actual and predicted values.
   • Cross-Entropy Loss: Measures performance in classification tasks.

5. Advanced ML Concepts:

   • Diffusion Process: A generative model concept.
   • Convolution Operation: Extracts features in data, crucial for Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs).
   • Softmax Function: Converts scores into probabilities for multi-class classification.
   • Attention Mechanism: Computes importance weights in models like transformers.

The post concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding these equations for anyone looking to deepen their knowledge in machine learning and provides additional resources for further reading.

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Summary: Birth of 86-DOS (MS-DOS)

In April 1980, Tim Paterson, a young employee at Seattle Computer Products (SCP), began developing a disk operating system for the Intel 8086 microprocessor. This project, initially called QDOS (Quick & Dirty Operating System), eventually became 86-DOS, the predecessor to Microsoft's MS-DOS.

During the late 1970s, personal computers primarily used 8-bit microprocessors. The introduction of the Intel 8086 and the standardization of the S-100 bus paved the way for 16-bit architectures. Paterson recognized the demand for software to complement this new hardware and started working on an operating system when he learned that CP/M, the leading operating system, was delayed.

Paterson collaborated with Microsoft to integrate their BASIC interpreter with SCP's new hardware. He developed 86-DOS in about six weeks, designing its API to resemble CP/M to facilitate software compatibility. This choice later led to controversy, with accusations that he copied CP/M, though he maintained that 86-DOS was an original creation.

In October 1980, Microsoft showed interest in reselling 86-DOS, and by July 1981, it was officially sold to Microsoft and renamed MS-DOS. This software played a crucial role in the success of personal computers in the following years.

Never Lose Your Work Again: Automatic Version Control for Claude Code Projects

• Download: Available for Mac users (macOS 13.5+). Free to use and can be downloaded from the Mac App Store.

Key Features:

• Automatic Change Detection: Monitors your project for changes without any setup.

• One-Click Checkpoints: Take snapshots of your project easily before making changes.

• Visual Diff Viewer: View differences between checkpoints to see what has changed.

• Time Travel for Code: Restore your project to any previous checkpoint instantly.

• Claude Integration: Works smoothly with Claude Desktop, automatically creating checkpoints when tasks are completed.

• Full Project Backup: Each checkpoint saves all project files for easy recovery.

Simple Workflow:

1. Select Project: Choose your project folder.
2. Start Coding: Work normally while the tool tracks changes.
3. Auto Checkpoint: Automatic checkpoints are created after tasks.
4. Restore Anytime: Restore to any previous state with one click.

Seamless Integration:

• MCP Integration: Automatically connects with Claude Desktop to track tasks and create checkpoints.
• Task Tracking: Keeps track of task progress and creates checkpoints at important moments.
• Full Control: You can manage checkpoints, view differences, and restore previous states easily.

Visuals:

• The interface is user-friendly, featuring clear checkpoint management and a visual comparison tool for changes.

Summary of GPU Prefix Sums

GPUPrefixSums is a project that adapts advanced GPU prefix sum methods from CUDA for use in portable compute shaders. It introduces a new technique called "Decoupled Fallback," which allows devices without certain guarantees to perform scans without crashing. The project includes a comprehensive review of GPU prefix sum algorithms, focusing on parallel processing at different levels, and has been benchmarked against Nvidia's CUB library.

Key Features:

• Decoupled Fallback: This method allows thread blocks to wait for calculations without being blocked. If they wait too long, they can fall back to a different operation, improving overall performance.
• Survey of Algorithms: It includes various methods for calculating prefix sums, which are essential in parallel computing for tasks like sorting and graph traversal.
• Implementations: Available in D3D12, CUDA, Unity, and a basic version in WGPU. Each implementation has specific requirements for software and hardware.

Getting Started:

• For D3D12 and CUDA, it requires Visual Studio 2019 or newer and specific Windows SDK versions.
• The Unity package can be added via a Git URL.
• The WGPU version is currently experimental and not fully portable.

Additional Resources: The project includes links to academic papers and articles for further reading on GPU prefix sums and related technologies.

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The text appears to be a series of interface elements for a consent management system. Here are the key points simplified:

• There are buttons for navigating back and applying filters.
• Users can manage consent preferences through checkboxes labeled for different interests.
• Options to clear selections or apply changes are provided.
• The layout seems repetitive, indicating multiple sections for managing consent.

Overall, it describes a user interface for setting and managing consent preferences.

No summary available.

The article by Josh Bressers discusses the reliance on single-person open source projects, particularly in the context of a recent news story about a Russian developer. Bressers argues that many open source projects, including popular ones, are maintained by just one person.

Key points include:

1. There are about 11.8 million open source projects, with around 7 million being maintained by a single individual.
2. This trend is not limited to lesser-known projects; nearly half of the most downloaded packages in the NPM ecosystem are also maintained by one person.
3. Concerns about the nationality of a single maintainer are misplaced; the real risk lies in the lack of resources and support for these individual developers.
4. Bressers criticizes the media for blaming individual maintainers, suggesting that this focus detracts from the actual issues in open source software, such as the challenges faced by solo developers.

He concludes that instead of demonizing individual maintainers, it is essential to address the systemic issues affecting open source development.

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The text provides links to articles about a security issue involving a popular package in the NX build system that has been compromised by malware. This malware is designed to steal sensitive information, such as wallets and credentials.

This text describes the development of a fast bytecode compiler and virtual machine (VM) for arithmetic expressions using Haskell. The key points include:

1. Series Overview: The series covers parsing arithmetic expressions into Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs), unit testing, compiling ASTs to bytecode, and executing the bytecode in a VM, with a focus on performance.

2. AST Interpretation: AST interpreters can be slow due to how nodes are represented in memory. To improve speed, the AST is converted into a compact bytecode format, which is more efficient for execution.

3. Bytecode Structure: Bytecode consists of a series of instructions (opcodes) that the VM executes. It supports operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as variable handling and let expressions.

4. Compiler Design: The compiler translates expressions into bytecode by pre-allocating memory for the bytecode and using pointers for efficient writing. Several data structures were tested for performance, with pre-allocated byte strings proving to be the fastest.

5. Decompiler: A decompiler is implemented to convert bytecode back into a readable format, making it easier to debug and test the compiler's output.

6. Testing: Unit tests ensure the compiler works correctly, checking both successful compilations and error handling for various expressions.

7. Performance Benchmarks: The text discusses the performance of different data structures and control structures, highlighting significant improvements achieved through careful design choices.

Overall, the text details a technical exploration of building an efficient compiler and VM for arithmetic operations, emphasizing performance optimization throughout the process.

The website is checking your browser. If you own the website, there is a link to help you resolve the issue.

The NLnet Foundation in Amsterdam, Netherlands, is hiring a full-time Technology Assessor. The job posting date is August 28, 2025.

The Hiroshima Convention & Visitors Bureau highlights the growing challenge of repurposing electric car batteries after they are no longer in use. Various startups and automakers, including Toyota, are exploring solutions. Toyota's approach involves a system called the Sweep Energy Storage System, which collects high-voltage batteries from electric and hybrid vehicles and connects them to the power grid.

This system efficiently manages energy flow, prioritizing healthier batteries and bypassing those that don't perform well. It also reuses inverters from the cars, reducing costs. Mazda's Hiroshima campus, which has its own power sources, is a suitable site for testing this technology.

Toyota and Mazda have integrated their energy management systems to help regulate power supply from renewable sources, aiming to support carbon neutrality. The Sweep system, launched in 2022, has proven effective, achieving significant power output and storage capacity. Its ability to work with batteries of different qualities enhances its practicality for recycling initiatives.

Summary of bookmarks.txt

bookmarks.txt is a method for organizing bookmarks in simple text files. Here are the main points:

• Storage: Bookmarked URLs are saved in files named bookmarks.txt. There is a main file located in the home directory, and additional files can exist in other directories.

• Format: Each URL is listed on a separate line, optionally followed by a title. The format is:

  URL [title]
  

  For example:

  • Just a URL: https://www.example.com
  • URL with a title: https://sul.im personal website

• Tools: You can manage these bookmarks using any program. A provided script in the bin/ directory allows you to list and add URLs. You can also create your own tools.

• Usage:

  • To open a URL using fzf (a fuzzy finder), you can run:

    ./bin/bookmarks | fzf | cut -d ' ' -f 1 | xargs open
    

  • To add a new URL, use:

    ./bin/bookmarks https://github.com/soulim/bookmarks.txt
    

• Personal Use: The main bookmarks file contains general URLs, while each project directory has its own bookmarks.txt for project-specific tools. A symbolic link helps with easy access to the bookmarks script.

• Contributing: Contributions are welcome only for bug fixes, as new features may lead to maintenance challenges.

• License: Check the LICENSE file for licensing details.

The text explains different types of cookies used on a website:

1. Required Cookies: These are essential for the website to work properly, ensuring security and accessibility. They cannot be turned off.

2. Performance Cookies: These track how visitors interact with the website, like visits, time spent on pages, and clicks. This information helps improve website performance.

3. Personalization Cookies: These collect data on your interactions to enhance your experience, remembering which pages you've visited. They also help tailor marketing messages to your interests.

4. Advertising Cookies: These track your visits and the pages you view to show you relevant ads on other sites. They help build a profile of your interests for targeted advertising.

Overall, the text highlights how cookies enhance website functionality and improve user experience.

Summary of Onion Services Certificates

Overview: This document discusses how to integrate and validate TLS/HTTPS certificates for Onion Services, which are part of the Tor network. Traditional certificate authorities (CAs) are one method, but alternatives are also being explored.

Key Points:

1. Onion Services Connection:

   • Onion Services are peer-to-peer encrypted, meaning they don’t require additional certificates for secure connections.
   • However, as web technologies evolve, valid certificates are becoming necessary for functionalities like HTTP/2 and online payments.

2. Importance of Certificates:

   • Having valid HTTPS connections can enable browser features that require security, such as secure cookies and payment processing.
   • It enhances security by adding another layer of encryption and can help in managing encryption keys more effectively.

3. Current Certification Proposals:

   • Existing CA Validation: Some CAs provide certificates for .onion addresses based on specific requirements.
   • ACME for .onion: A proposal to automate certificate issuance for Onion Services using the ACME protocol, which is now standardized.
   • Self-signed Certificates: These allow for the use of certificates without relying on a CA but may lack proper authentication.
   • Same Origin Onion Certificates (SOOC): A proposed standard that could simplify the use of self-signed certificates.
   • DANE for .onion: A concept using DNS for certificate validation, though not widely supported.
   • Onion-only CAs: A proposal for CAs that only issue certificates for .onion addresses.

4. Benefits of Implementing Certificates:

   • Enhances compatibility with various applications and browsers.
   • Supports payment processing by meeting PCI standards.
   • Improves the overall security model of Onion Services.

5. Challenges:

   • Many existing applications are not aware of Onion Services, complicating certificate implementation.
   • There are various proposals with different levels of support, implementation complexity, and reliance on existing CAs.

6. Implementation Considerations:

   • Each proposal has its own pros and cons, such as ease of implementation, reliance on existing infrastructure, and support across applications.
   • Future support for new cryptographic algorithms like Ed25519 in major browsers is uncertain.

Conclusion:

Improving the certificate ecosystem for Onion Services is crucial for their functionality and security. Multiple proposals are being explored, aiming for automation and better integration with web technologies, while challenges remain in standardization and browser support.

Summary of "Uncovering Lesser Known Mobile Adtech Domains"

The article discusses findings from AppGoblin, which has analyzed over 40,000 apps and tracked numerous advertising domains. Some domains do not have clear ownership, leading to speculation about their purpose. Key domains include:

1. qa-analytics.com: Appears to be linked to Germany and shares connections with Unity3D domains.
2. acobt.tech: Involved with several apps that use the Bigo Ads SDK.
3. onegg.site: Also associated with Bigo Ads.
4. lazybumblebee.com: Likely related to BidMachine, functioning as a mediation SDK across many games.
5. marketingcloudapis.com: Initially unclear, but later identified as connected to Salesforce.

The investigation revealed that most of the domains are primarily used in gaming apps and are linked to various advertising networks, particularly Bigo Ads and BidMachine. Overall, the exploration provided insights into the advertising landscape for mobile apps, revealing how these lesser-known domains operate within the adtech ecosystem.

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Summary of ELEGANTBOUNCER: A New Approach to Mobile Threat Detection

ELEGANTBOUNCER is a mobile security tool designed to detect sophisticated threats without needing access to actual exploit samples. Traditional detection methods struggle when there are no known malicious samples or when attackers use techniques that alter file structures. ELEGANTBOUNCER addresses these challenges by focusing on the structural properties of files rather than specific patterns or signatures.

Key Features:

• Structural Analysis: Instead of looking for known byte sequences, ELEGANTBOUNCER identifies vulnerabilities by analyzing how files are structured and whether they contain features that could indicate exploitation.
• Detection Capabilities: It can detect original exploits, their modified variants, and future threats based on the same vulnerabilities. For example, it successfully identifies the FORCEDENTRY exploit in PDFs and the BLASTPASS exploit in WebP files using mathematical impossibilities rather than signatures.
• Efficiency: The tool employs smart detection strategies, parallel processing, and early termination to optimize scanning performance. It can scan iOS backup files for threats hidden in messaging app attachments, reconstructing the original folder structure for analysis.

Real-World Applications:

ELEGANTBOUNCER has proven effective in forensic investigations, providing detailed reports on detected threats, including the origin and type of exploit. It is particularly valuable for incident response, threat intelligence, legal cases, and security audits.

Limitations:

While powerful, ELEGANTBOUNCER cannot detect every possible exploit, especially novel techniques or polymorphic variations. It may also produce false positives by flagging benign files that appear suspicious.

The Future of Detection:

The tool is open source, encouraging contributions from the security community to enhance detection methods and performance. As attackers develop more complex techniques, ELEGANTBOUNCER's focus on structural detection positions it well to adapt and evolve.

In conclusion, ELEGANTBOUNCER demonstrates that effective threat detection can be achieved without relying on secret samples, emphasizing the importance of understanding the mechanics of exploitation.

The author discusses their experiences with Rust and TypeScript while managing a growing codebase for their project, Lubeno. Key points include:

1. Rust's Advantages: The backend of Lubeno is entirely written in Rust, which the author finds beneficial for maintaining code quality as the project scales. Rust's strong safety guarantees help them refactor code confidently, enhancing productivity and long-term maintainability.

2. Concurrency Issues: The author encountered a concurrency problem when wrapping a structure in a mutex, leading to a compilation error due to Rust's strict rules about mutex usage across threads. Rust's compiler effectively prevented a potential bug, showcasing its ability to manage lifetimes and async operations.

3. TypeScript Challenges: In contrast, the author faced a scheduling race condition in TypeScript that went undetected in production. A simple redirect logic failed due to asynchronous execution, highlighting TypeScript's limitations in catching such issues.

4. Fearless Refactoring: The author argues that while languages like Python and JavaScript may initially seem more productive for web development, they often lead to complications as projects grow. Rust encourages confidence in making changes without fear of breaking unrelated code.

5. Testing and Compiler Support: While tests are valuable, Rust's compiler helps catch many errors that might otherwise require extensive testing. The author appreciates that Rust's design reduces the mental burden of decision-making during development.

6. Zig Comparison: The author briefly mentions Zig, noting that while it has appealing features, it also presents risks due to its error handling design, contrasting it with Rust's more rigorous type safety.

Overall, the author emphasizes that Rust's strong type system and safety features make it a valuable choice for managing complex codebases effectively.

Kyle, Jacob, and Tim are creating an app called Bitrig, which allows users to build native Swift apps for iPhones directly on their phones by chatting with an AI. It's designed to be user-friendly, making app development accessible even for beginners.

Bitrig uses a custom Swift interpreter, enabling instant app previews and easy sharing via URL. If users have a paid Apple developer account, Bitrig can compile their app and upload it to the App Store for distribution.

They are continuously adding Apple’s SDK frameworks to improve the app, and users can download Bitrig from the App Store.

VIM Master Summary

VIM Master is a simple, browser-based game that helps users learn Vim commands and motions through short levels. It requires no installation—just open the index.html file in your browser (best on desktop).

Key Features:

• Two modes: Normal and Insert, with an on-screen status bar.
• Command log to track keystrokes.
• Levels validate your actions, not just your keystrokes.
• Supports various Vim commands and motions.
• Includes numeric counts for commands (e.g., 3w).
• Undo/redo functionality.
• Celebration screen upon completing levels with badges earned for achievements.

Game Levels:

• Teach basic commands like movement, insertion, deletion, and searching.
• Each level focuses on a specific set of skills.

Challenge Mode:

• A fast-paced version to test your command recall under time pressure.

Cheat Mode:

• An interactive cheat sheet for exploring and practicing commands.

How to Use:

• Clone the repository and open index.html directly in your browser.
• If local access is restricted, use a static server.

Tech Stack:

• Built with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, using Tailwind for styling and no external dependencies.

Contributing:

• Contributions and issues are welcome.

License:

• MIT License.

VIM Master aims to make learning Vim commands fun and effective through engaging gameplay.

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In August 2025, access to Sci-Hub, a platform providing free access to academic knowledge, was blocked in India due to a court order influenced by major publishing companies like Elsevier, Wiley, and the American Chemical Society. These companies have been attempting to limit access to free academic resources since 2020, leading to significant backlash from Indian researchers and advocates for open access.

Despite hopes for legal support, the Indian court has not made a definitive ruling on the matter, and technical challenges have hindered Sci-Hub's ability to provide new papers. In response to the ongoing issue, a new project called Sci-Net was launched in April 2025 to facilitate community-based sharing of research papers.

The publishers are now trying to have Sci-Net restricted as well, claiming it violates the 2021 court order against Sci-Hub. This situation raises concerns about the legality of blocking access to knowledge and its implications for human rights, particularly in India.

To access Sci-Hub despite the block, users can utilize censorship-circumvention tools like VPNs or the TOR Browser. The push for open access continues, with many Indian scholars advocating for the right to free knowledge.

No summary available.

The text discusses the author's experience with implementing object-oriented design patterns in an operating system they are developing. Here are the key points:

1. Freedom in OS Development: Working on an operating system allows for creative freedom without the pressures of collaboration or maintaining code for many users.

2. Object-Oriented Principles in C: The author explores how the Linux kernel uses object-oriented principles, such as polymorphism through function pointers in structures, despite being written in C.

3. Vtables for Flexibility: The concept of "vtable" (virtual table) is introduced, where a struct contains function pointers. This allows different device types to share a common interface while executing specific functions.

4. Service Management: The author applies this pattern to manage kernel services, allowing for consistent operations like starting and stopping without hard-coding logic for each service.

5. Dynamic Scheduling: Vtables are also used for process scheduling, enabling the swapping of scheduling strategies at runtime without altering the kernel's core.

6. Consistency Across Interfaces: The text highlights the advantage of having a uniform interface (like file operations) that simplifies interaction with various components (sockets, devices, files).

7. Kernel Module Compatibility: This approach works well with kernel modules, allowing dynamic loading of drivers without the need for recompilation or rebooting.

8. Drawbacks: The author notes that the syntax can be cumbersome, requiring explicit context for operations, but finds this clarity beneficial for understanding dependencies.

Overall, vtables help maintain flexibility and consistency in the author's kernel code, making OS development enjoyable and innovative.

Incus supports two types of instances: system containers and virtual machines (VMs).

System Containers:

• Use the host's Linux kernel.
• Only run Linux and are lighter on resources.
• Implement isolation using software features like namespaces and cgroups.
• Suitable for running multiple applications or creating user spaces for process isolation.

Virtual Machines:

• Use hardware features of the host for isolation.
• Can run different operating systems than the host.
• Require more resources and hardware virtualization.
• Suitable for running a completely different OS.

Comparison:

• Application Containers (like Docker) package single applications, while System Containers simulate a full operating system.
• System containers are faster and share the host's kernel, whereas VMs provide a complete virtual machine experience but are more resource-heavy.

In summary, use system containers for lightweight, Linux-based tasks, and VMs when you need to run different operating systems or specific functionalities not supported by the host's kernel.

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This is a mobile-friendly, open-source RSVP platform that serves as an alternative to meetup.com and eventribe, specifically for small companies and groups. It allows users to self-host their events without any costs. Key features include:

• One-Click Sharing: Each event has a unique URL that can be easily shared on any platform.
• No Hassle, No Sign-Ups: Users can create and share events immediately without needing to register or fill out forms.
• Effortless Simplicity: The platform is designed to be user-friendly, allowing anyone to create events quickly and easily.

Feedback and improvements are welcome.

No summary available.

Summary of "The Sisters Paradox - Counter-Intuitive Probability"

The blog post discusses a probability problem known as the "sisters paradox." It involves a family with two children, where at least one is a girl. The question is: what is the probability that both children are girls?

1. Initial Setup: The probability of having a boy or girl is 50%. If we assume random selection, we analyze the combinations of two children:

   • Boy-Boy (0.25)
   • Boy-Girl (0.25)
   • Girl-Boy (0.25)
   • Girl-Girl (0.25)

2. Common Misconception: Many assume the probability of both being girls is 0.5, reasoning that one child being a girl means there's a 50% chance for the second child. This logic is incorrect.

3. Correct Answer: The probability that both children are girls is actually 1/3. When we know at least one child is a girl, the possible combinations reduce to three: Boy-Girl, Girl-Boy, and Girl-Girl. Out of these, only one combination has both girls.

4. Sample Space: Understanding the sample space (all possible outcomes) is crucial for solving such problems. If it’s specified that the eldest child is a girl, the probability changes to 1/2, as it eliminates one combination.

5. Testing the Theory: To validate these probabilities, one can run simulations to see the outcomes in large families.

6. Conclusion: The author emphasizes the importance of precision in probability theory, suggests running simulations to test theories, and warns against relying solely on "common sense" in such counter-intuitive scenarios.

The author reflects on their experience with cinema in Libya and how it contrasts with Hollywood's portrayal of the country. They first watched "Star Wars: The Last Jedi" in 2017 but had previously relied on pirated films while growing up in Libya, where the government also participated in piracy. The author recalls how state control affected access to media and how it limited what people could see and know.

Despite the challenges, the author developed a love for Hollywood films, discovering classics like "The Godfather" and "Back to the Future." They note the problematic portrayal of Libya in films, such as the depiction of Libyans as terrorists in "Back to the Future," shaped by historical conflicts. The author also discusses how other films, like "The Dictator" and "13 Hours," misrepresent Libya and its culture.

They highlight that while the world has misconceptions about Libya, Libyans themselves often lack knowledge about their own history and cultural diversity. The author reminisces about watching films with family and emphasizes the need for Libyan creatives to tell authentic stories that reflect their rich heritage. They hope to see more accurate representations of Libyans in film, showcasing ordinary heroes and the country's true identity.

The text discusses the author's journey of exploring and implementing the programming language Forth using Go and C. Here are the key points:

1. Background on Forth: The author first encountered Forth two decades ago while learning about embedded hardware. Initially, they viewed it as a "weird language" and did not explore it deeply until recently.

2. Motivation to Implement Forth: In June 2025, after studying various topics, the author decided to implement Forth, inspired by resources they found online.

3. Two Levels of Forth:

   • User Level: This is for those who want to use Forth for programming without needing to understand its implementation.
   • Hacker Level: This level appeals to those who want to delve deeper into Forth's structure and capabilities, such as creating custom control flow constructs.

4. Implementations:

   • goforth: A Go-based implementation that serves user-level needs but is limited for hacker-level exploration.
   • ctil: A C-based implementation that allows for deeper exploration, enabling users to implement core parts of Forth within Forth itself.

5. Forth's Characteristics: Forth is a concatenative language, meaning it processes commands based on a stack without needing to explicitly pass parameters. This makes it easy to use as a calculator or scripting language but can lead to readability issues in larger programs.

6. Challenges with Forth: While Forth is useful and interesting, the author finds its stack-based model hard to read and understand, especially compared to more conventional languages like C.

7. Learning Resources: The author recommends several resources for learning Forth and its implementation, including books and online tutorials.

8. Conclusion: Implementing Forth is a valuable and enjoyable project for programmers, as it offers insights into programming language design and challenges in understanding stack-based logic.

Overall, the text highlights the author's exploration of Forth, focusing on its implementation in different programming languages and the unique aspects of the language itself.

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The author set up a second-hand Brother QL-700 label printer using a Raspberry Pi Zero to print labels without installing proprietary drivers. Initially, the printer did not support wireless connectivity, so the author connected it via USB to a laptop and encountered issues with existing software solutions. They eventually found a Python project called brother_ql that worked for their needs.

After confirming that the library worked on their laptop, they configured the Raspberry Pi Zero with the necessary software, including Nix and the brother_ql library. They faced challenges getting the printer to recognize the connection due to the Pi's microUSB ports, which required creating a custom cable to connect the printer.

Once everything was set up correctly, they successfully printed labels using commands from the terminal. They also explored ideas for enhancing their setup, like hosting a drawing tool on the Pi for easier label creation. However, they decided to pause further development since they didn't have an immediate use for the printer.

Mastermind is a guessing game where one player, the Code Master, creates a secret code made up of four pegs in six possible colors. To win, you need to guess the correct code. After each wrong guess, the Code Master gives feedback using black and white pegs:

• A black peg means one of your guessed colors is correct and in the right position.
• A white peg means one of your guessed colors is correct but in the wrong position.
• If you receive no pegs, none of your guessed colors are in the secret code.

The author discusses their preference for devices with GrapheneOS, emphasizing the importance of privacy and security in a time of rising authoritarianism. They express concerns about government surveillance and invasive digital communication laws. The author believes that mainstream devices often compromise user control and privacy, as companies prioritize profits over user rights.

GrapheneOS is presented as a solution, offering a user-friendly experience while maintaining high security and privacy standards. The installation process is straightforward, and most apps, including banking apps, work well. The author appreciates the absence of bloatware and unnecessary vendor apps, which enhances user control.

While the author wishes for more hardware options, they acknowledge that GrapheneOS currently only supports Google Pixel devices. They stress the increasing importance of software over hardware in selecting mobile devices, noting that good software can significantly enhance user experience and device performance. Overall, the author is committed to using mobile devices supported by GrapheneOS in the future.

Analog Devices has recently finished a $1 billion expansion of its factory near Beaverton, Oregon. Narahari Ramanuja, a long-time Intel employee, is leaving Intel to manage this new facility. His departure is part of a trend, as several high-level executives have left Intel due to the company facing significant challenges and leadership changes.

Intel has been cutting costs and jobs, reducing its workforce in Oregon by at least 5,400 positions over the past year, while still being the state's largest employer. The company is trying to recover from declining demand for its advanced chips, with recent job cuts totaling 30,000.

In contrast, Analog Devices focuses on established chip technology for various industries. Their Beaverton factory is now the largest for the company, which also has a facility in Camas. Meanwhile, Intel is losing key engineers and technologists, further complicating its efforts to innovate.

PayPal is currently facing a major issue due to a failure in its security systems, which has led to numerous German banks blocking payments. This disruption is affecting billions of euros in transactions and has caused merchants to wait for payments. The security systems are designed to detect and prevent fraud, but they reportedly failed, allowing direct debits to be submitted without proper checks.

As a precaution against potential fraud, several banks, including Bayerische Landesbank and DZ-Bank, have temporarily halted all PayPal transactions. This has resulted in significant payment processing difficulties for both consumers and merchants, impacting a wide range of transactions, including those at grocery stores.

Although PayPal claims the issue has been resolved, the effects are still being felt, and many transactions are still experiencing delays. The German Savings Banks Association has confirmed that unauthorized direct debits from PayPal have impacted various financial institutions in Germany and across Europe. Consumers are advised to check their accounts for any unauthorized charges.

Summary: How to Slow Down a Program and Its Benefits

Research in programming often focuses on making programs faster or using less memory. However, there are useful reasons to slow down programs:

1. Detecting Race Conditions: Slowing down parts of a program can help identify bugs that occur when multiple threads run simultaneously. This is done by changing the timing of instructions, similar to a method called fuzzing.

2. Simulating Speedups: Tools like the Coz profiler can slow down other parts of a program to estimate the benefits of potential optimizations before implementing them.

3. Assessing Profiler Accuracy: Slowing down programs can also help evaluate how accurate profiling tools are.

Current methods for slowing down programs are somewhat blunt and could be improved for more precision. Researchers are exploring how to insert specific slowdown instructions into basic blocks of code to achieve more controlled results.

Key Findings on x86 Instructions

In experiments using an Intel Core i5-10600 CPU, researchers tested six x86 instructions to determine which could effectively slow down program execution without introducing biases. They found that:

• NOP (No Operation) and MOV (moving a register's value to itself) instructions are effective for controlled slowdown.
• Inserting these instructions can double the execution time of targeted basic blocks while maintaining consistent performance behavior.
• The placement of these slowdown instructions within the code can influence the results, and fine-grained control could lead to better profiling and debugging tools.

These findings aim to guide future research on advanced developer tools that utilize precise slowdown techniques at the machine code level.

The article by Michael Dubakov discusses the future of software in the age of AI, emphasizing the importance of adaptability in tools.

Key points include:

1. Adaptability Over Rigidity: The most successful software will be those that can adapt to users' needs rather than requiring users to adapt to them. Tools like Linear are inflexible, limiting AI's potential to enhance their functionality.

2. AI's Role in Problem-Solving: Large Language Models (LLMs) shift the focus from finding solutions to defining problems. Users can now describe their needs in plain language, and AI can handle the technical aspects, making it easier to create prototypes quickly.

3. Malleable Software: Historically, customizable software was complex and time-consuming. However, with AI, creating tailored solutions can become quick and straightforward, encouraging users to prefer adaptable tools over rigid ones.

4. Future Trends: Over the next decade, the demand for easily customizable software will grow. By 2030-2035, the setup process for these tools might feel more like a conversation than a project, leading to a decline in the use of rigid software.

In conclusion, as software becomes more adaptable through AI, rigid tools will likely become less popular, with most users favoring malleable solutions that evolve with their needs.

The Dolomites, a beautiful mountain range in Italy, are experiencing significant rockfalls, with large boulders crashing down, some as big as cars. This issue gained attention after the collapse of the Trephor Tower in June 2004. Experts like Antonio Galgaro are predicting which peaks may fall next, noting that many towers in the region show signs of instability, particularly cracks.

In recent years, several notable landslides have occurred, raising concerns among locals and scientists. The Dolomites were formed from ancient coral reefs that rose from the ocean, and their unique geology makes them prone to erosion. While landslides are natural, experts believe they are happening more frequently now, possibly due to climate change and extreme weather events, like intense rainfall.

Scientists are focusing on monitoring these mountains rather than trying to stop the natural processes. Local communities are urged to be aware of the risks and to adapt their practices accordingly. Acknowledging the inevitable changes in the landscape, experts emphasize that nature cannot be controlled, and the best approach is to learn to live with its risks.

The text discusses the integration of Gemini CLI into Zed, a text editor. This new feature allows users to easily manage and interact with their Gemini projects directly within the Zed environment. Key benefits include improved efficiency and a more streamlined workflow for developers who work with Gemini. The integration enhances user experience by providing tools and functionalities that simplify project management tasks.

Summary of Synthetic Gasoline

Synthetic gasoline, also known as synthetic fuel or e-fuel, is a manufactured liquid fuel made through chemical processes rather than extracted from crude oil. It aims to provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels for internal combustion engines by using raw materials like carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2).

Key Points:

1. Production Process:

   • Synthetic gasoline is produced through several steps:
     • Feedstock Acquisition: CO2 is captured from the atmosphere or industrial sources, and hydrogen is generated from water.
     • Syngas Production: CO2 and H2 can be converted into synthesis gas (syngas).
     • Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: This process converts syngas into hydrocarbon chains similar to gasoline.
     • Upgrading and Refining: The hydrocarbon mixture is processed to meet gasoline specifications.
     • Blending: Additives are mixed in to enhance fuel performance.

2. Environmental Benefits:

   • If produced using captured CO2 and renewable energy, synthetic gasoline can be carbon neutral or even carbon negative. However, sourcing CO2 from fossil fuels diminishes these benefits.

3. Advantages:

   • Reduces reliance on fossil fuels.
   • Can be made compatible with existing vehicle infrastructure.
   • Potential for lower greenhouse gas emissions.
   • Offers a diverse energy supply.

4. Comparison to Biofuels:

   • Unlike biofuels made from biomass (like corn), synthetic gasoline can be tailored to closely match conventional gasoline, potentially providing better engine performance without the agricultural land use concerns.

5. Challenges:

   • High production costs due to energy-intensive processes.
   • Efficiency of current production is about 50-60%.
   • Direct Air Capture (DAC) is complicated and costly.

6. Future Outlook:

   • The success of synthetic gasoline depends on technological advancements, supportive policies, and affordable renewable energy. It may not replace conventional gasoline entirely soon but could significantly contribute to decarbonizing transport, especially in sectors like aviation and long-haul trucking.

Overall, synthetic gasoline presents a promising solution for sustainable fuel, but its economic and environmental viability will require ongoing innovation and support.

No summary available.

In the first half of 2025, UK solar power generation reached a record high, increasing by 32% compared to the same period in 2024, with a total generation of 9.91 TWh. This surge is attributed to one of the sunniest years on record and a rapid increase in solar installations.

In July 2025, there were 22,406 new solar panel installations, adding 106 MW of capacity and bringing the total solar capacity in Great Britain to 19.1 GW across 1.8 million installations. Notably, 42% of this capacity comes from larger ground-mounted solar projects.

The data also shows a trend towards larger domestic solar installations, with larger systems now making up half of new household solar capacity, compared to only 5% from 2010 to 2019. Overall, solar deployment in the UK is accelerating, and the government expects this growth to continue.

The provided links lead to academic papers on arXiv, a repository for research articles. The specific content of the papers is not included in the text, so I can't summarize their key points. To get a concise overview, you would need to visit the links and review the abstracts or main findings of each paper.

Summary of Prediction-Encoded Pixels (PEP)

PEP is a new image format designed for low-color pixel art, ideally using 16 colors or fewer, and supports up to 256 colors. It employs a compression method called "Prediction by Partial Matching, Order-2" which achieves better compression than GIF, PNG, and QOI, reducing file sizes by 20-50%. However, it is slower, being 2-10 times slower than these formats.

Key Features:

• Compression Efficiency: Smaller file sizes compared to GIF and PNG; often much smaller than QOI.
• Speed: Slower than GIF/PNG/QOI, but suitable for those prioritizing image size.
• Experimental Phase: Currently still in development.

Usage Instructions:

1. Include the PEP header in your project.
2. Use the pep_compress() function to compress pixel data.
3. Save and load PEP files using pep_save() and pep_load() functions.

Performance Examples:

• For a 112x96 image with 4 colors, PEP size is 858 bytes.
• For a 640x200 image with 251 colors, PEP size is 71,495 bytes.

PEP is designed with game development in mind, providing an efficient way to manage pixel data. It does not include a BMP loader and requires pixel data to be supplied directly.

Contribution Encouraged: Users are invited to help improve the PEP format.

A recent study from the University of Michigan confirms that electric vehicles (EVs) are cleaner than traditional gas vehicles in every U.S. county, even when considering emissions from battery production and electricity generation. The study analyzed the lifetime emissions of different vehicle types, including EVs, hybrids, and gas-powered cars.

Key findings include:

• EVs produce 71-73% lower lifetime emissions compared to gas vehicles, regardless of the type of EV or the local electricity source.
• The greatest environmental benefits come from electrifying larger vehicles like pickup trucks, which have the largest absolute emissions reductions.
• Charging EVs with fossil fuel-based electricity is still cleaner than using gas vehicles since power plants are generally more efficient than individual cars.

The study emphasizes that transitioning to EVs is beneficial for the environment and suggests that purchasing used EVs can significantly reduce carbon footprints. Overall, the research supports that driving an EV is a positive choice for the climate.

WebLibre: A Privacy-Focused Browser

WebLibre is a new web browser that prioritizes privacy and user-friendliness. It is based on Mozilla's Gecko Engine and supports Firefox mobile add-ons.

Important Note: WebLibre is still in the alpha testing stage, meaning it may have bugs and will receive regular updates. Users can report any issues on GitHub. Currently, only the versions available on F-Droid do not rely on Google services.

Summary:

A recent court case, In re Cox, clarified that Internet Access Providers (IAPs) are not subject to subpoenas under the DMCA for unmasking anonymous users who may infringe copyright. The DMCA allows copyright owners to request subpoenas to identify infringers, but this only applies to web hosts, not IAPs, which do not host content. The court ruled that IAPs cannot receive proper takedown notices since they don't host the content, making 512(h) subpoenas invalid for them.

The ruling highlighted that while copyright owners can still pursue legal action against infringers, they often prefer the quicker 512(h) process, despite its limitations. The court noted that previous rulings had established this understanding, suggesting copyright owners may continue to misuse the system because many IAPs comply with these subpoenas despite their illegitimacy.

The case also drew attention to the broader implications for copyright law, including ongoing discussions about site-blocking regulations that could affect IAPs in the future. The outcome could strengthen IAPs' positions against copyright owners and potentially influence future legal interpretations.

No summary available.

Summary:

In-app browsers are built into apps like Facebook and Instagram, allowing users to view web pages without leaving the app. However, these browsers often ignore users' default browser settings, leading to privacy concerns and decreased user choice. They can track user activity and manipulate web content, which poses serious risks.

Key Issues:

• In-app browsers undermine user choice, stifle innovation, and compromise privacy.
• Users are often unaware that their default browser has been replaced, which limits their control over their online experience.
• Many in-app browsers lack essential features and security, resulting in a poor browsing experience.

Proposed Solutions:

1. Require non-browser apps to use the user's default browser for web links.
2. Update Apple's in-app browser to respect user preferences.
3. Allow third-party businesses to opt-out of in-app browsers.
4. Ensure that operating systems provide a global opt-out option for users.
5. Disable apps from overriding the default browser settings on Android.

These changes aim to enhance user privacy, security, and overall satisfaction with web browsing. The advocacy group is committed to addressing these issues and ensuring users' choices are respected in the digital landscape.

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Here are some highlights from recent popular posts:

1. Charlie Jane Anders discusses how A.S. Byatt's "Possession" influenced the dark academia genre.
2. Sebastian Purcell explores how we can lead better lives with help from others.
3. Piers Gelly shares his experience of using ChatGPT as a replacement in his English classroom.
4. Emily Temple lists things that Jane Austen disliked.

Additionally, Book Marks features weekly reviews of notable books, along with articles on various intriguing topics, including:

• Danny DeVito's directing career.
• Scandals involving the royal family.
• Connections between medieval monks and the CIA.
• The environmental themes in "The Sisters Brothers."
• Tim Lebbon's insights on creating compelling villains.

The blog discusses the use of boolean data types in programming and suggests that they are often misused. While booleans are common, the author argues that many instances would benefit from using different data types instead. Here are the key points:

1. Booleans and Their Limitations: Booleans are frequently used in programming, but they can oversimplify complex data. Often, a boolean hides richer information that can be better represented by other types.

2. Alternative Types:

   • Datetimes: Instead of using a boolean to indicate whether an event happened (like email confirmation), storing the actual date and time of the event provides more useful data.
   • Enums: For cases that involve multiple statuses (like user roles or job statuses), using enums is more efficient. This allows for easy expansion and reduces the need for multiple boolean columns.

3. When to Use Booleans: The author acknowledges that booleans can be appropriate for temporary storage of results from complex conditional logic. However, even in these cases, using enums for the final results can enhance clarity and maintainability.

4. Conclusion: While not every boolean should be eliminated, programmers should critically assess when and how they use booleans. Storing more meaningful data can lead to improved system design and easier maintenance.

Overall, the text encourages thoughtful design in programming to avoid common pitfalls associated with booleans.

Monodraw Overview

Monodraw is a powerful ASCII art editor for Mac users, available for a free trial or for purchase at $9.99. It requires macOS 11 Big Sur or later.

Key Features:

• Create Text Art: Easily make diagrams, flowcharts, and visual representations of algorithms using plain text, which can be embedded or exported as images (PNG, SVG).
• Mind Mapping: Organize your text data freely on an infinite canvas, without the constraints of traditional text files.
• ER Diagrams: Build entity-relationship diagrams with multiple notation options for database design.
• Text Banners: Create banners using built-in fonts and adjust their size and alignment.
• Drawing Tools: Use various tools like Pencil, Eraser, and Line Tool for precise text art creation.
• Command-Line Interface: Available for direct downloads, allowing for automated documentation generation.
• Group Management: Easily manage and move grouped shapes.
• Guides and Shortcuts: Utilize alignment guides and keyboard shortcuts for efficient workflow.

System Requirements: Requires macOS 11 or later, with older versions available for previous macOS systems.

Support: Users can provide feedback via email or Twitter, and educational pricing is available.

Privacy: Monodraw does not collect any user data and prioritizes user privacy.

Summary of Efficient Array Programming

This repository collects information and examples to help people learn efficient programming in array languages. The content is based on the author's understanding, so it's recommended to review the programs independently first.

Goals:

• Enhance understanding of array languages.
• Provide a variety of examples of well-written array code.

Tips:

• General programming tips and implementation-specific advice for languages like Dyalog APL, dzaima/APL, and ngn/k are included.

Resources:

• Solutions to Advent of Code by Jay Foad.
• Code examples for ngn/k.
• APL Contest 2020 by Andriy Makukha.
• Bubbler-4 Advent of APL.
• Chatroom logs from APL Orchard.
• Insights on performant trees by Aaron Hsu.

The text appears to list different sections or categories related to a website or publication. The main points include:

• Feature Articles: In-depth pieces on specific topics.
• Codesod: Likely a section related to coding or programming.
• Error'd: Possibly a section discussing errors or issues.
• Forums: A space for discussions and community interaction.
• Other Articles: Additional articles on various subjects.
• Random Article: A selection of articles chosen at random.

Overall, it outlines various types of content available.

DeepMind has released an upgraded AI image model called Gemini. This new version improves upon previous capabilities, making it better at understanding and generating images. You can find more information about Gemini on DeepMind's website and in a detailed article on TechCrunch.

No summary available.

Summary of Ken Shirriff's Blog on the Globus INK Navigation Computer:

The Globus INK is a Soviet-era navigation computer used in Soyuz spacecraft, notable for its unique rotating globe that displays the spacecraft's position relative to Earth. This electromechanical device uses intricate gears and mechanisms to calculate and represent the spacecraft's orbit.

Key features of the Globus include:

• Rotating Globe: The globe spins in two directions to show the spacecraft's orbit and Earth's rotation.
• Manual Configuration: Cosmonauts set the initial position and orbital speed using knobs, as the device lacks external navigation inputs.
• Limited Functionality: The Globus can only handle fixed circular orbits at a specific angle (51.8° for Soyuz) and does not account for variations in orbit.

The internal workings involve:

• Differential Gears: These allow for calculations through rotation, enabling the addition or subtraction of inputs to determine the spacecraft's position.
• Cams and Dials: They control various displays, including latitude, longitude, and light/shadow indicators, which inform astronauts about their position and conditions during flight.

While the Globus was advanced for its time, its manual operation and limited adaptability compared to modern digital systems make it less effective than contemporary navigation technology. The Globus remains a fascinating example of analog computing in space exploration.

The article "What We Find in the Sewers" discusses the historical and modern significance of sewage management and its evolution from waste disposal to resource recovery.

Key points include:

1. Historical Perspective: Early societies used sewage and animal waste as fertilizers and fuel, recognizing its value. Ancient civilizations developed various methods to manage waste, with Rome being notable for its advanced sanitation systems.

2. Health and Sanitation: The rise of urban populations led to challenges in waste disposal, resulting in public health issues like cholera and dysentery. Reformers like Edwin Chadwick emphasized the need for better sewage systems to improve health outcomes.

3. Modern Sewage Treatment: The invention of the water closet increased sewage volume, leading to pollution and disease outbreaks. This prompted the construction of comprehensive sewer systems, particularly in London, which helped manage waste effectively.

4. Resource Recovery: Recently, there has been a shift towards viewing sewage as a resource rather than just waste. Techniques such as urban mining aim to recover valuable nutrients, energy, and even data from sewage, highlighting its potential.

5. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE): The article explains how sewage can provide insights into public health, such as tracking disease outbreaks. This was particularly highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic.

6. Future Outlook: There is a growing recognition of the importance of recycling nutrients and extracting valuable information from sewage, positioning it as an essential resource for sustainable development.

Overall, the text emphasizes the need to rethink our relationship with sewage, viewing it as a valuable asset that can contribute to health, environmental sustainability, and resource management.

This paper analyzes the impact of generative artificial intelligence (AI) on the labor market, particularly focusing on young, early-career workers aged 22-25. Here are the key points:

1. Employment Decline for Young Workers: Since generative AI became widely adopted, young workers in AI-exposed jobs, like software development and customer service, have seen a significant 13% drop in employment. In contrast, older workers in the same fields and those in less AI-exposed jobs have experienced stable or increasing employment.

2. Stagnant Growth for Young Workers: Overall job growth continues, but young workers in highly exposed occupations have faced stagnant employment since late 2022. This age group has seen a 6% decline in jobs in AI-heavy fields compared to a 6-9% increase for older workers.

3. Automation vs. Augmentation: The decline in jobs is primarily linked to AI applications that automate tasks rather than augment them. Young workers are more affected in roles where AI replaces human labor.

4. Employment Changes vs. Wages: The job market adjustments are more evident in employment numbers rather than in salary, indicating that while jobs are being lost, wages remain relatively stable.

5. Robust Findings: The observed trends persist across various sample groups and are not solely due to factors like firm-level shocks or the types of occupations affected. This suggests a clear impact of AI on employment for young workers.

6. Continued Research Needed: The paper emphasizes the need for ongoing analysis to monitor these employment trends as AI continues to evolve. It raises questions about why younger workers are more vulnerable, suggesting it may be due to their reliance on codified knowledge that AI can easily replicate.

In summary, the study presents strong evidence that generative AI is negatively impacting employment for young, entry-level workers in certain occupations while older workers are not experiencing the same level of disruption.

No summary available.

Matthew Yglesias discusses a recent article by Kelsey Piper about new research on cash transfer programs in the U.S. He finds the results disappointing, as they suggest that giving money to poor people does not significantly improve their situation. Reactions to the findings vary: some on the left argue that cash grants are meant to reduce poverty, while some on the right believe that social programs generally don't work well.

Yglesias contrasts these domestic results with research from cash transfer programs in poorer countries, like Kenya, which show positive outcomes such as increased financial stability and improved health. He explains that in poorer countries, cash can help people improve their lives because they face more significant barriers. In wealthier countries, however, the domestic poor often struggle due to personal circumstances, and simply giving them money doesn’t change their situation much.

He concludes that the effectiveness of cash transfers can vary greatly depending on the context, and emphasizes that understanding these differences is crucial in discussions about universal basic income (U.B.I.).

No summary available.

No summary available.

Summary of Cryptography & Security Newsletter #128

Date: 28 August 2025
Author: Ivan Ristić

1. Google's New Security Feature: Google has introduced Device-Bound Session Credentials (DBSC) to prevent session hijacking, now in beta for Chrome on Windows. This feature uses public-key cryptography to bind session identifiers to a specific device, making them useless on other devices.

2. Session Management Overview: Traditional session management has relied on HTTP cookies, which were not designed for security. This has led to vulnerabilities, including session hijacking attacks. While HTTPS has improved security, attackers have shifted focus to cookie-theft malware.

3. Cookie-Theft Malware: This type of malware tricks users into running software that steals session tokens, allowing attackers to access accounts, especially if two-factor authentication is in use.

4. Historical Context: Efforts to secure HTTP cookies have included various protective flags and browser updates, but these measures have not completely eliminated the risks associated with session hijacking.

5. Looking Ahead: If other browsers adopt DBSC, it could effectively eliminate session hijacking threats altogether.

Additional News:

• The newsletter includes updates on various cryptography-related developments, including the Usenix Security Symposium, changes in public TLS certificate practices, and advancements in post-quantum cryptography.

This newsletter aims to keep readers updated on key trends and innovations in cryptography and security.

Typepad is shutting down on September 30, 2025. After this date, you will lose access to your account, blogs, and all content. To keep your content, make sure to export it before the shutdown date, as it will not be accessible afterward.

Starting August 31, 2025, Typepad will stop charging for services, and if you paid recently, you may receive a prorated refund. Ensure your payment information is up to date for successful refunds.

For questions, check the FAQ page or submit a help ticket from your account. Thank you for being a customer, and we apologize for any inconvenience.

Summary of QEMU ChangeLog 10.1:

• Release Information: This document outlines changes and updates in QEMU version 10.1.

• System Emulation:

  • Some features have been removed or deprecated; users should check the 'Removed features' and 'Deprecated Features' sections for replacements.

• New Features:

  • New CPU features for various architectures like Arm, RISC-V, and x86 have been added.
  • New board models, such as the 'max78000fthr', have been introduced, and some older models have been deprecated.
  • The Arm 'virt' board now supports nested virtualization and ACPI PCI hotplug.

• Fixes and Improvements:

  • Various bug fixes related to CPU emulation, floating-point exceptions, and machine compatibility have been implemented.
  • Improvements in memory management, migration, and network performance are included.

• Device Emulation:

  • Enhancements for various devices like audio, graphics, and network devices have been made, including better support for TCP configurations.

• Documentation Updates:

  • Documentation for building and using QEMU has been updated, including changes related to Rust and dependencies.

• Known Issues:

  • Some known issues remain, particularly regarding Windows compatibility and certain configurations.

This summary highlights the major changes and improvements in QEMU version 10.1, focusing on new features, fixes, and documentation updates.

Summary: Unlocking High Software Engineering Pace by Partnering with Product to Address Technical Debt

Technical debt is a common challenge in software development. When starting a new product, it’s easy to make technology choices that lead to regrets later. To manage technical debt effectively, it’s important to view it as a shared challenge with the Product team rather than just a technical issue.

Key Steps:

1. Make Technical Debt Visible: Regularly identify and categorize areas of technical debt, focusing on security, performance, and code difficulties. Update this assessment quarterly.

2. Build Relationships with Product Leaders: Foster communication with Product leaders to show how technical debt impacts their goals, such as delivery speed and customer retention. This helps them see technical debt as a shared responsibility.

3. Identify Opportunities for Debt Paydown: When Product wants to improve problematic code, calculate the potential time savings from fixing technical debt. This approach shows that short-term investments can lead to long-term gains.

4. Connect Debt to Predictability: Highlight how resolving technical debt can lead to more predictable delivery and quality, reducing unplanned work and improving overall performance.

5. Focus on Critical Issues: Prioritize addressing technical debt that currently obstructs performance or delivery, while keeping track of less critical issues for future attention.

Outcome: By partnering with Product, teams can cultivate a culture that values code quality, leading to faster feature delivery, more reliable systems, and a proactive approach to technical health. This collaboration avoids friction between Engineering and Product by framing technical debt as a strategic business challenge instead of just a technical request. Ultimately, this leads to better service for customers and a more efficient development process.

I just released version 2.0.0 of FilterQL, a query language and TypeScript library. This update includes new Operations that let you transform data after filtering. If you think this could help with your project, try it out and share your feedback!

spaCy: Advanced Natural Language Processing Library

spaCy is a powerful library for Natural Language Processing (NLP) in Python and Cython, designed for real-world applications. It supports over 70 languages and includes pretrained models for various NLP tasks like tagging, parsing, named entity recognition, and text classification.

Key Features:

• Speed and Accuracy: High performance with state-of-the-art neural network models.
• Multi-task Learning: Works with pretrained transformers like BERT.
• Extensive Language Support: Tokenization and training for many languages.
• Production-ready Tools: Easy model packaging, deployment, and workflow management.

Version 3.8: The latest version includes new features and updates.

Resources:

• Documentation: Comprehensive guides on usage and installation.
• Online Course: Free interactive course for learning spaCy.
• Community Support: Engage in discussions on GitHub for questions and feature requests.

Installation: spaCy can be installed via pip or conda. It is recommended to use a virtual environment to avoid issues. For example, to install with pip, run:

pip install -U pip setuptools wheel
pip install spacy

Model Usage: You can download and load trained models easily. For example:

import spacy
nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")
doc = nlp("This is a sentence.")

Contribution and Community: spaCy is open-source and encourages community contributions. Users can report bugs, suggest features, and participate in discussions.

Support and Updates: For updates and model compatibility checks, use the validation command. It’s important to ensure that your models are compatible with the latest spaCy version.

In summary, spaCy is a robust tool for NLP tasks with a strong focus on performance and usability, making it suitable for both research and production environments.

Summary: Delphi In The Age of AI

Overview of AI in Delphi:

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming technology, with applications in various fields like self-driving cars and medical diagnostics.
• Delphi provides tools for developers to integrate AI into their applications.

Key AI Tools in Delphi:

1. Stable Diffusion Client:

   • Create generative art using over 50 custom models.
   • Supports image editing and upscaling.
   • Available for Windows, macOS, and Linux.

2. CodeDroid AI:

   • Generate code and Delphi forms using AI models like GPT-4.
   • Customizable prompt templates.

3. SDXL Inpainting:

   • AI-powered image inpainting.
   • Allows users to create masks and edit images.

4. AI Vision Chat:

   • Discuss images with AI using the LLaVA-7b model.

Understanding AI and Machine Learning:

• AI refers to computer systems that perform tasks requiring human-like intelligence.
• Machine Learning (ML) enables computers to learn from data without explicit programming.
• Deep Learning is a subset of ML using artificial neural networks for complex tasks like image and speech recognition.

Popular Libraries and Frameworks:

• TensorFlow: A library for numerical computation that supports ML and deep learning.
• Keras: A high-level API for building neural networks, compatible with TensorFlow.
• PyTorch: An open-source ML library that supports deep learning.

Practical Applications:

• AI is used in software development to automate tasks and solve complex problems.
• Tools like IntelligenceLab provide advanced AI capabilities for tasks like data analysis and image processing.

Getting Started with AI in Delphi:

• To start using AI, developers should explore available libraries, gather data, and experiment with building models in Delphi.
• Delphi's community and resources support the integration of AI technologies into applications.

Delphi offers a robust platform for building AI solutions, making it accessible for developers to explore and implement AI features in their projects.

Ken Shirriff's blog discusses the confusion surrounding the compound Cr2Gr2Te6, which was mistakenly referenced in recent scientific papers. The correct formula should be Cr2Ge2Te6, where "Ge" stands for germanium. This error has been widely repeated across multiple publications since a 2017 study that originally reported intrinsic ferromagnetism in the correct compound and CrI3.

Shirriff highlights the importance of accuracy in scientific writing, noting that such mistakes can easily propagate, especially if picked up by AI systems. He aims to clarify that "Gr" is not a recognized element and to prevent further spread of this misinformation. The genuine compound, Cr2Ge2Te6, is a form of chromium germanium telluride.

Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick announced that the US Department of Commerce will start publishing economic data, including gross domestic product (GDP), on the blockchain. This initiative aims to improve data distribution across government agencies. Lutnick emphasized this move during a White House meeting, highlighting President Trump’s interest in cryptocurrency.

The effort will begin with GDP figures and may expand to include more data as the department finalizes the implementation details. Other countries, like Estonia and Singapore, have successfully used blockchain for public administration, which shows its potential for secure and efficient data management.

However, while blockchain can secure data storage and sharing, it does not guarantee the accuracy of the data itself. This announcement comes amid ongoing debates about the reliability of US economic data, particularly criticisms from Trump regarding various economic reports.

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In August 2025, the author reflects on how AI coding has increased their productivity but at a cost: they can no longer listen to music while coding. Previously, coding was a smooth process where they could focus and create easily. Now, it involves crafting prompts for the AI, evaluating its outputs, and making adjustments, which feels more chaotic and mentally taxing.

The author notes that a four-hour AI coding session feels more intense than a traditional coding session, but they find the cognitive effort worthwhile due to the speed and efficiency of AI assistance. They realize that programming is more about expressing ideas than the technical process itself. As AI improves, the way we code will become simpler, but the challenge of organizing thoughts into clear outputs may increase. Despite the adjustment, the author remains optimistic about the future of coding, although they miss listening to music while working.

Astrophysicists have found that black holes, according to Einstein's theory of gravity, have no unique features, referred to as "hair." They are characterized solely by their mass and spin. Recent research using gravitational wave data from black hole collisions has tested this idea and suggests that if any distinguishing features exist, they must be very close to the black hole—within 40 kilometers.

This study is crucial because it links Einstein's theory of general relativity with quantum mechanics, which asserts that information cannot be lost. The conflict between these theories creates an "information paradox" about what happens to information when objects fall into black holes.

While the current findings support Einstein's theory, researchers are exploring various theories that suggest black holes might have "quantum hair" just outside their event horizons. Future gravitational wave observatories are expected to provide more data, which could help clarify whether Einstein's predictions hold true or if we discover unexpected phenomena.

Summary of Reverse Engineered Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5

This document presents a reverse-engineered schematic and layout of the Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 (CM5). It is important to note that this schematic is not intended for production use as it has inaccuracies in signal integrity, footprint mismatches, and a non-complete bill of materials. Additionally, most chips used are either custom-made or not available to general consumers.

Purpose of the Reverse Engineering: The schematic was created to address design issues related to projects using the CM5, as the original schematic was not accessible. It serves mainly for educational purposes or advanced tinkering, allowing users to explore features like the PMIC (Power Management Integrated Circuit) and its I2C register map.

Schematic Creation Process: To create the schematic, the creator meticulously removed components from the board, measured them, and scanned the board layer by layer. The findings were then translated into a layout using KiCad software.

Key Features and Insights:

• The CM5 board has 10 layers, structured in a specific way for signal and power management.
• Resistors are used to configure memory settings, and the PMIC includes a hot-swap feature to manage power supply inrush.
• WiFi and Bluetooth can be disabled via GPIO pins, and the onboard eMMC does not interfere with an external SD card.
• Test points are provided for various signals, with specific coordinates for reference.

Additional Notes: The document also includes trivia about the board's design and functionality, a complete test point list with coordinates, and information on unidentified pins for future exploration. The creator plans to identify PCIe nets and the PMIC I2C register map in further work.

The schematic is released under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license for sharing and adaptation.

Summary of Simple Dynamic Strings (SDS)

SDS is a string library for C that improves upon the standard string handling in libc, making it easier and more efficient to work with strings. The latest version (version 2) aims to unify various implementations but is not binary compatible with version 1. Here are the key points:

• Memory Management: SDS uses a dynamic header size, which reduces memory usage compared to the previous version. While it may be slower for some tasks, it offers better memory efficiency.

• API Compatibility: The API of version 2 is mostly compatible with version 1, making the transition easy.

• Binary Safety: SDS strings are binary safe and can handle any byte content, including null characters.

• Ease of Use: SDS strings are simpler to manage than traditional C strings. They can be passed directly to standard C functions without needing to access internal structure members.

• String Operations: SDS provides various functions for creating, concatenating, trimming, and manipulating strings easily and efficiently, including:

  • sdsnew to create strings.
  • sdscat for concatenation.
  • sdslen for getting string length in constant time.
  • sdsfree to release memory.

• Special Functions: Functions like sdscatprintf allow formatted string concatenation, while sdsfromlonglong efficiently converts numbers to strings.

• Tokenization and Joining: SDS includes functions for splitting strings into tokens and joining them back together, useful for handling command line inputs or data processing.

• Memory Management Features: SDS allows for shrinking strings with sdsRemoveFreeSpace and supports reference counting for shared strings to prevent memory leaks.

• Embedding and Custom Allocators: You can easily integrate SDS into your projects by copying the necessary source files, and you can use custom memory allocators by modifying the provided allocation macros.

• License: SDS is created by Salvatore Sanfilippo and is licensed under the BSD two-clause license.

This library is particularly useful for C programmers needing efficient and flexible string handling while maintaining compatibility with standard C functions.

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The author, a computer science major at Brown University, completed an architecture project focused on the CBR Building in Brussels, designed by architect Constantin Brodzki. The building, known for its innovative use of concrete and distinctive orange glass, was built rapidly and is noted for its integration with nature and modern amenities.

During the project, the author engaged in extensive research and hands-on work, including designing and 3D printing 756 window modules that mimic the building's architecture. They used software like Autodesk Fusion for modeling and PrusaSlicer for preparing 3D prints, while also utilizing resources from the Brown Design Workshop, which offers various tools for students.

The author faced challenges in optimizing print time and improving the quality of the modules, ultimately reducing the estimated printing time significantly. Additionally, they created a model of the building's logo and furniture items that complemented the structure's design.

Through this project, the author developed a passion for hands-on building and plans to pursue more design and fabrication skills in the future. They appreciate the CBR Building's timeless design and its relevance in a modern context.

Intel is set to release its new Xeon 7 E-Core CPU, called "Clearwater Forest," in 2026, following the rollout of the Xeon 7 P-Core processor. This new chip is crucial for Intel as it competes with AMD, which currently holds a significant share of the X86 server CPU market. Intel aims to regain its footing with advanced manufacturing technologies, including its new 18A process, which is more efficient than previous designs.

The Clearwater Forest CPU will feature improved 3D transistor technology, allowing for better performance and power efficiency. It will have a new architecture that includes enhanced core modules and increased cache bandwidth, promising to deliver substantial processing power. The design includes 288 cores and aims to provide impressive memory bandwidth and I/O capabilities.

Despite delays in the launch, Intel is focused on ensuring high production yields and quality. The new CPU architecture is expected to perform better than its predecessor, and Intel's advancements may help it compete more effectively against AMD as the demand for powerful server CPUs continues to rise.

This text outlines the journeys of Paul the Apostle, highlighting four main trips he took across the Roman world. It features an interactive map that shows the routes of these journeys, marked in different colors:

• Orange for his First Missionary Journey
• Purple for his Second Missionary Journey
• Green for his Third Missionary Journey
• Red for his Final Journey to Rome

The goal is to retrace all of Paul's stops by late 2026, and updates are shared on their Instagram account, @kingdoms.collide.

Apple has unexpectedly removed the iTorrent app from AltStore, a third-party app store. There was no prior notice given for this action.