Summary of SSH3: A New SSH Protocol Based on HTTP/3

SSH3 is a proposed revision of the SSH protocol designed to run on top of HTTP/3. While still in the experimental stage, it aims to improve speed, security, and features compared to SSHv2. Here are the key points:

1. Naming and Specification: The project is currently under a new name, "Remote Terminals over HTTP/3," as it moves away from traditional SSH principles.

2. Faster Sessions: SSH3 significantly reduces session establishment time from 5-7 round trips in SSHv2 to just 3, enhancing user experience.

3. Enhanced Security: By using established protocols like TLS 1.3 and QUIC, SSH3 offers robust security and supports modern authentication methods such as OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect.

4. Key Features:

   • UDP Port Forwarding: Allows access to UDP-based services.
   • Server Visibility: SSH3 servers can be hidden behind a secret URL, making them less detectable to attackers.
   • Use of X.509 Certificates: Offers a more secure authentication method compared to traditional SSH keys.

5. Community Collaboration: The project is open-source, inviting feedback and scrutiny from security experts before it can be deemed production-ready.

6. Deployment Caution: Users are advised to test SSH3 in secure environments rather than on production servers due to its experimental nature.

7. User-Friendly Features: SSH3 supports many popular OpenSSH features and configurations, making it easier for users transitioning from SSHv2.

8. Getting Started: Users can install SSH3 either via binaries or from source code and connect using a variety of authentication methods, including traditional keys and modern OpenID Connect.

In summary, SSH3 promises a faster and more secure SSH experience by leveraging the latest web technologies, but it remains in the early stages of development and should be used cautiously.

A recent security breach involving a malicious software tool called postmark-mcp has come to light. This tool, which helps AI assistants send emails and manage tasks, has been secretly stealing emails since version 1.0.16. It was downloaded 1,500 times weekly and integrated into many workflows. The malicious developer simply added a line of code that BCCs emails to an external server, compromising sensitive data like passwords and financial information.

Initially, the tool appeared legitimate, created by a reputable developer. However, after 15 versions of trustworthy operation, the malicious line was introduced, allowing thousands of emails to be sent to the attacker’s server. The developer later deleted the package from npm but this action doesn't remove it from users' systems, leaving many still compromised.

The incident highlights a significant security gap in how developers install and trust third-party tools, often without verifying their safety. The absence of security checks means that tools can operate with full permissions, leading to potential widespread data breaches. Experts urge users to uninstall the compromised tool immediately, review their email logs for any sensitive information that may have been exposed, and audit other MCP servers they use for similar risks.

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Summary of Virtual Memory Fundamentals

1. Purpose of Main Memory (RAM): Computers need RAM for faster data access compared to slower disk storage. While disk storage is permanent, RAM is volatile but allows quick access to data needed by the CPU.

2. Memory Allocation: The operating system allocates memory to different processes. A simple strategy assigns each process a contiguous block of memory. However, this can lead to issues like external fragmentation, where free memory is scattered.

3. Paging: To avoid fragmentation, operating systems use paging, dividing memory into fixed-size blocks called frames. This allows processes to use non-contiguous memory, making it seem like they have a large, continuous space.

4. Demand Paging: Only the necessary parts of a program are loaded into memory as needed, rather than the entire program at once. This optimizes memory usage.

5. Virtual Memory Layout: Virtual memory is organized into segments, including the kernel space, stack, heap, and code segments. Each segment serves different purposes, such as storing local variables or executable code.

6. Stack and Heap Allocation: The stack is used for managing local variables and function calls, while the heap is for dynamic memory allocation. Stack allocation is faster but limited in size, while heap allocation provides more flexibility but can be slower due to overhead.

7. Memory Mapping: Memory can be mapped from files or created anonymously in memory. This allows processes to access file contents directly in memory, enhancing performance.

8. Handling Memory: The operating system manages memory allocation, ensuring efficient use and preventing conflicts between processes. It uses structures like page tables to keep track of virtual and physical memory.

In summary, virtual memory is crucial for efficient computer operation, allowing programs to run smoothly by managing memory allocation and access.

Samsung has acquired Sound United, the audio business previously owned by Masimo, for $350 million. This deal adds several well-known audio brands, including Bowers & Wilkins, Denon, and Polk Audio, to Samsung's existing audio portfolio, which already includes JBL and Harman Kardon. Sound United will continue to operate as a separate entity under Samsung's Harman division to maintain its brand identity. The acquisition is expected to create growth opportunities for Samsung in the audio market. Meanwhile, Masimo can now focus on its legal issues related to the Apple Watch.

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The text describes a collection that shows representations of comets, meteors, meteorites, and shooting stars over nearly a thousand years, arranged in the order they occurred.

This is an improved open-source version of Launchpad. You can easily import your old settings with just one click, and it maintains a similar appearance. It includes many features like adjusting icon size, localizing icons, supporting game controllers, and voice over. The project is still being updated, and users can report issues. It's designed to help those who are unhappy with the new Launchpad after updating to MacOS26. Thank you!

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A recent study highlights that strong social ties throughout life can contribute to healthier aging. Researchers found that supportive relationships, starting from childhood to adulthood, can slow down biological aging. This is measured by analyzing DNA patterns, which show that people with better social connections have a biological age younger than their chronological age.

The study, involving over 2,100 adults, identified four key areas of "cumulative social advantage": parental warmth, community engagement, religious involvement, and emotional support from friends and family. Those with more extensive social networks exhibited slower biological aging and lower chronic inflammation, linked to various health issues.

Interestingly, the study emphasizes the importance of lifetime social connections rather than just current friendships. It suggests that these connections build upon each other over time, influencing health outcomes. However, access to social support is not equal, as factors like race and socioeconomic status can limit social resources for some individuals, potentially leading to faster aging.

Overall, the findings suggest that nurturing social relationships is crucial for both emotional well-being and physical health, as they significantly impact biological aging.

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Trellis is a company focused on helping healthcare providers treat more patients quickly by automating paperwork, such as document intake and prior authorizations. It was created from the Stanford AI lab and is supported by major investors like YC and executives from Google and Salesforce.

Role Overview: Forward Deployed Engineers (FDEs) at Trellis work with healthcare organizations to address operational challenges using AI solutions. They tackle important questions about improving patient access to treatments and streamlining medication enrollment.

Why Join Trellis:

• Work on cutting-edge AI and healthcare data projects.
• Make a significant impact on healthcare.
• Collaborate with top-tier clients and the founding team.
• Take on various roles and responsibilities.
• Join a talented team with impressive backgrounds.

Responsibilities: As an FDE, you will:

• Implement technical solutions like AI workflows and data pipelines.
• Collaborate with healthcare professionals to optimize operations.
• Process and structure complex healthcare data.
• Develop tools that fit into existing healthcare systems.
• Plan and track the success of healthcare transformation projects.

To apply, candidates need to complete a take-home assignment and email their work to the specified address.

Summary of "Why We Think" by Lilian Weng

This article explores the concept of "thinking" in artificial intelligence, particularly in language models. It discusses various strategies for improving reasoning and problem-solving abilities in these models by allowing them to use more computational resources during inference, or "thinking time."

Key Points:

1. Motivation for Thinking: Longer thinking times help models tackle complex problems better, similar to human cognitive processing where we often need to reflect before answering.

2. Analogy to Human Thinking: The article references Daniel Kahneman's dual process theory, which divides human thinking into two types: fast (intuitive) and slow (deliberate). Encouraging models to engage in "slow" thinking can enhance reasoning accuracy.

3. Computation as a Resource: Deep learning models utilize computational power effectively during inference. The amount of computation can be adjusted based on the complexity of the task.

4. Chain-of-Thought (CoT) Reasoning: This technique involves breaking down problems into intermediate steps before arriving at a final answer. It has been shown to improve performance, especially in math-related tasks.

5. Branching and Editing: Two approaches to enhance model outputs are parallel sampling (generating multiple outputs at once) and sequential revision (iteratively refining outputs). Both have their advantages and challenges.

6. Reinforcement Learning (RL): Using RL to reward correct answers has proven effective in enhancing reasoning abilities. However, care must be taken to avoid reward hacking, where models might manipulate outputs to receive higher rewards.

7. External Tool Use: Integrating external tools (like code interpreters) into the reasoning process can improve accuracy, particularly for technical tasks.

8. Thinking Tokens: Introducing special tokens to allow for extra thinking time during model training can enhance reasoning capability without adding complexity to the model.

9. Latent Variables and Iterative Learning: Models can be viewed as probabilistic systems where hidden (latent) variables help explain observable outcomes. Iterative learning processes can refine these variables for better performance.

10. Future Directions: The article calls for further research into how to improve model reasoning through adaptive thinking, effective reward structures, and self-correction without introducing errors.

Overall, the piece emphasizes the importance of allowing AI models to think more like humans, using various techniques to enhance their reasoning capabilities and performance in complex tasks.

On September 19, 2025, Raymond Chen wrote about understanding C++ compiler errors, specifically focusing on the error message "Not a legal base class." This error occurs when a class is not suitable to be a base class for inheritance in C++. The article likely explains how to identify the cause of this error and how to fix it, helping programmers improve their skills in reading and resolving compiler errors in C++.

Open source software has become dominant in the tech industry despite early skepticism and opposition. While closed source products still exist, many crucial tools are now open source, making it a safe choice for businesses. The author sees a similar shift happening with social applications, calling it the "open social" movement. They believe the AT Protocol from Bluesky is a promising example of this new approach, although it is still being developed. The author, a fan of Bluesky, aims to explain why they find this protocol compelling.

I'm sorry, but I can't access external content such as the link you provided. However, if you can share the main text or key points from the document, I can help you summarize it!

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Summary of 64jim64's Commodore 64 Page: Meshtastic 64 Project

On September 21, 2025, 64jim64 shared his project of creating a Meshtastic radio that connects to the Commodore 64. He aimed to showcase it at the VCF Midwest show on September 13-14. This radio uses a decentralized messaging system for long-range communication, appealing to tech enthusiasts and those interested in non-monetized communication.

Project Development:

• He used Heltec LoRa V3 modules for the radio.
• He developed a BASIC program for text messaging on the Commodore 64.
• The radio connects via the User Port and includes a small display and battery.

Challenges Faced:

• Initial PCB designs had mirrored connections, but he corrected them in a second round.
• He created a method for sending and receiving text messages and PETSCII artwork.

Showcase Success:

• He built 19 units in time for the show, where many attendees tested the radios.
• The system functioned well, handling heavy messaging traffic.

Conclusion: The project was well-received, and 64jim64 encouraged others to create their own versions or visit a linked site for pre-built units. Overall, it was a successful blend of retro technology and modern communication.

Summary:

This is a daily journal, habits, and tasks app designed to boost productivity. Created by someone who has tested many other apps, it offers a straightforward approach to help you stick to your goals. The app includes:

• Journal: Answer two simple questions in one minute to understand yourself better.
• Habits: Track your habits with easy one-tap options and view your progress with heatmaps.
• Tasks: Focus only on what matters to get things done efficiently.

Users appreciate its minimal design and effectiveness, noting it’s the first app they've consistently used. It's free to start and available on iPhone. Download it from the App Store to improve your daily routine.

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You can create and download your own version of the Tux logo, which is a Linux mascot. You can choose different options like small eyes, big eyes, sitting, standing, or even a GNU Chimera version. There are also standard Tux logos and alternative Linux logos available.

Moondream 3 Preview Summary

Moondream 3 is a new AI model designed for visual reasoning, featuring a 9 billion mixture of experts (MoE) architecture and 2 billion active parameters. It aims to excel in real-world tasks while being fast, trainable, and cost-effective.

Key Features:

1. Visual Reasoning: Moondream 3 is built to perform complex real-world tasks effectively.
2. Trainable: It can easily adapt to specific vision tasks, much like humans do through training.
3. Fast Performance: Essential for real-time applications like sorting and security monitoring.
4. Cost-Effective: Designed to handle large volumes of images without high operational costs.

Improvements:

• Increased context length from 2,000 to 32,000 tokens, enhancing its ability to understand and generate complex responses.
• Enhanced object detection capabilities and structured output generation.
• Improved Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for practical use cases.

Examples of Moondream 3 in Action:

• Object Detection: Accurately identifies objects with complex queries.
• Pointing: Supports direct pointing to objects in images.
• Structured Outputs: Generates organized data formats like JSON with minimal input.
• OCR: Converts text images into markdown format with improved accuracy.

Technical Details: Moondream 3 uses a fine-grained, sparse mixture-of-experts model, allowing it to operate efficiently. It has been initialized from its predecessor and uses innovative training techniques to enhance its performance.

Conclusion: This preview shows the potential of Moondream 3, although it's still being optimized for better speed and accuracy. The model is available for testing and further development on platforms like HuggingFace.

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Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux, shares his passion for programming, describing it as an engaging and creative process. He compares programming to a game where you can create your own rules and outcomes, making it more complex and exciting than traditional games like chess.

One key aspect of programming is that when you instruct a computer, it follows your commands perfectly, which is initially fascinating. However, the real challenge lies in figuring out how to get the computer to do what you want, making programming a blend of creativity and problem-solving.

Torvalds likens computer science to physics, noting that while physics explores existing rules of the world, programming allows you to create your own world within a computer. He emphasizes that programming can be both an art and a science, as you build functional and beautiful systems.

He also highlights the importance of problem-solving in programming, comparing it to a mathematical insight where the right approach can simplify a complex issue. A great programmer, like a skilled mathematician, can find elegant solutions that reveal deeper patterns.

In conclusion, the joy of programming comes from the creative process, the thrill of problem-solving, and the satisfaction of building something unique within the confines of a computer.

You can now train OpenAI's gpt-oss using Reinforcement Learning (RL) with a tool called Unsloth. This tool offers faster performance—three times quicker inference, uses 50% less VRAM, and supports longer context lengths compared to other implementations, all without losing accuracy.

Unsloth has rewritten the inference code for gpt-oss, achieving about 21 tokens per second, and even faster speeds for BF16 formats. It allows training on gpt-oss-20b with just 15GB of VRAM, making it accessible even on older GPUs. It also supports unique features like 4-bit RL, which enhances efficiency.

However, certain technologies like Flash Attention 3 (FA3) are not suitable for training gpt-oss, as they can lead to incorrect training outcomes. Unsloth offers solutions to these issues through custom algorithms and optimizations.

The text also addresses challenges in using Flex Attention for managing dynamic masks during token generation, which is vital for efficient inference. Additionally, it highlights the problem of "reward hacking" in RL, where models may find shortcuts to maximize rewards without genuinely completing tasks. Unsloth includes methods to counteract this behavior.

Overall, Unsloth makes it easier and more efficient to train advanced AI models like gpt-oss, now accessible for free on platforms like Google Colab.

A team of mathematicians is reviving interest in enumerative geometry, a field that dates back to ancient Greece and involves counting geometric solutions to specific problems. This revival stems from applying a modern theory, motivic homotopy theory, which helps to answer long-standing geometric questions across various number systems.

Historically, questions like how many circles can touch three given circles arose, but interest waned as mathematicians shifted focus to more abstract concepts. Recently, researchers like Kirsten Wickelgren and Jesse Kass discovered that using motivic homotopy theory could yield new insights into counting problems, allowing them to compute quadratic forms that provide valuable information about solutions in different number systems—beyond just the complex and real numbers.

Their work has led to significant advancements in understanding enumerative geometry, attracting new mathematicians to the field. They have shown that these problems can be framed in ways that reveal deeper connections among various mathematical disciplines, ultimately enhancing our understanding of geometry and number systems.

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Auth.js, previously known as NextAuth.js, is now maintained by the Better Auth team. Auth.js is a popular open-source authentication library used by many websites, including ChatGPT and Google Labs.

Better Auth was created to address the limitations of Auth.js as applications became more complex. The Better Auth team saw an opportunity to improve authentication solutions and decided to take over Auth.js to enhance its capabilities.

For current users of Auth.js, you can continue using it without any disruption, as security updates will still be provided. However, new projects are encouraged to use Better Auth, which will eventually include features like stateless session management. A migration guide is available for those looking to switch.

The Better Auth team appreciates the contributions of the original Auth.js maintainers and aims to advance the authentication ecosystem together.

For more information, you can access setup guides and migration resources.

Summary of Traefik's 10-Year Journey

Ten years ago, on September 22, 2015, Emile Vauge introduced Traefik, a tool designed to simplify container routing for developers. At that time, managing microservices was challenging due to the complexity of traditional load balancers that couldn't keep up with dynamic infrastructures.

Traefik aimed to solve this by automating the configuration of routing based on the status of services. The initial announcement gained significant traction, quickly making Traefik a popular project on GitHub.

Over the past decade, Traefik has achieved impressive milestones:

• 3.4 billion downloads on Docker Hub
• 56,000+ stars on GitHub
• 5,000+ merged pull requests
• 500+ releases

Traefik has evolved from the initial version focusing on basic features like automatic service discovery and HTTPS integration to more advanced versions that support complex architectures, including Kubernetes and multi-layer routing.

Looking ahead, Traefik is set to release v3.5, which will include an NGINX compatibility layer to ease the migration from the aging ingress-nginx, and v3.6, which will introduce more powerful routing features. The upcoming v4 will adopt a gradual release strategy, providing new features incrementally.

The project thrives on community contributions, with many improvements coming from developers worldwide. To celebrate its 10th anniversary, Traefik is rewarding contributors with limited-edition t-shirts featuring a unique design inspired by the project’s codename theme.

In summary, Traefik has matured into a vital tool for modern applications, continuously evolving to meet the needs of developers in a changing technological landscape.

Summary: Comprehensive Guide to Safe Laser Use and Addressing Laser Harassment

1. Harassment by Lasers: If you see a laser aimed at you, especially if it targets your eyes or skin, contact local authorities. While minor instances may not be punishable, deliberate aiming can be considered assault.

2. Identifying False Alarms: Many reported "laser beams" may actually be caused by camera issues, lens flares, or other non-laser phenomena. Always consider common explanations before concluding it's a laser.

3. Experiencing Unexplained Light or Heat: If you see unexplained light or feel heat, try blocking the source. If sensations persist, consider consulting a medical professional as they may indicate a health issue rather than external harassment.

4. Gathering Evidence: Document any incidents with photos or videos, and seek corroboration from friends or family. If harassment persists, consider hiring a private investigator for assistance.

5. Mysterious Ongoing Harassment: Some individuals believe they are being targeted by organized groups. However, most cases lack plausible explanations for physical symptoms, suggesting potential medical conditions instead.

6. Medical Consultation: If experiencing symptoms like seeing lights or feeling heat, seek medical advice without suggesting external causes. Doctors may not find a physical reason, but it is crucial to rule out health issues.

7. Avoid Escalation: Don't take matters into your own hands. Report harassment to law enforcement and seek their help instead of escalating situations, which can lead to dangerous outcomes.

8. Community Support: If you feel isolated in your experiences, know that others have reported similar issues. Sharing experiences can provide comfort and validation.

9. Caution with Directed Energy Devices: While there are concerns about advanced directed energy weapons, such devices are typically not accessible to the general public.

10. Final Notes: This guide emphasizes the importance of safety, medical consultation, and documenting experiences while recognizing that many symptoms may not stem from actual laser harassment. If issues persist, explore medical support and community resources.

The author shares their experience with the ZSA Moonlander keyboard, purchased for its ergonomic benefits and typing comfort. They view the keyboard as a tool essential for their work, similar to a carpenter's hammer. The Moonlander is part of the mechanical keyboard trend, which offers customizable features like key switches and programmable firmware, allowing users to tailor their typing experience.

The keyboard is designed to minimize strain, being split into two sections for better posture. However, the author points out some design flaws, such as wobbly hand rests and difficulties with the tenting feature, which aims to enhance ergonomics. Despite these issues, they appreciate the keyboard's high build quality and the advanced QMK firmware that allows extensive key customization.

While the Moonlander costs $365, the author believes it's worth the investment for serious typists, especially those who use complex software like Emacs. They recommend considering a mechanical keyboard with QMK firmware for anyone looking to improve their typing experience. Overall, the Moonlander is seen as a solid choice, despite its minor shortcomings.

The Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant in Ukraine, which has six reactors and used to power 4 million homes, has been without external power for over three days, raising safety concerns. Emergency generators are currently supplying power to essential cooling and safety systems. This outage follows the cutting of the last power line on the Russian side of the conflict, and there are fears that Russia may be creating a crisis to maintain control over the plant, the largest in Europe.

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has expressed serious concerns about the situation, with its director meeting with Vladimir Putin to discuss it. Ukrainian officials believe Russia may be attempting to restart one of the reactors, which would be risky given the ongoing conflict.

Historically, the plant has lost power nine times due to attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure, but this is the first time the outage has lasted this long. While the IAEA reported that there is enough diesel fuel to run the generators for 20 days, experts warn that prolonged loss of power could lead to a nuclear accident, similar to the Fukushima disaster in Japan.

Russia is reportedly working on establishing a new power line to the plant and may try to present itself as the solution to the current crisis. Environmental groups are urging the IAEA to intervene and prevent any reactor restarts during the war.

Insurance risk is related to selling insurance policies, collecting premiums, and paying claims. If claims are less than the premiums, the insurer makes a profit; if not, they incur a loss. Insurers rely on a financial cushion, called capital and surplus, to cover potential claims. This capital is not enough to cover all policy limits, so insurance is only partially collateralized.

The risk of large claims means insurers must manage their finances carefully. They hold capital reserves to handle extreme claims, and regulators monitor these reserves to ensure the company can pay out claims.

Retail investors can face unlimited losses if they invest in insurance risk directly, which is why fully collateralized investment structures, like Catastrophe Bonds (CAT Bonds), are used. CAT Bonds are bonds that help insurance companies cover large losses from catastrophic events. They pay a fixed return unless a qualifying event occurs, in which case the principal is used to pay claims.

Investing in CAT Bonds limits the investor’s loss to their initial investment, unlike traditional insurance investments. This structure allows investors to participate in insurance risk while capping their potential losses.

In summary:

1. Insurance risk can lead to losses exceeding premiums.
2. Insurers need capital reserves for large claims.
3. Retail investors should use fully collateralized structures to limit potential losses.

A new study by NYU Langone Health has found a link between oral bacteria and fungi and an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Researchers identified 27 specific microbes in the mouth that can raise the risk of developing this type of cancer by 3.5 times. They discovered that bacteria from the mouth can enter the pancreas through saliva.

The study, published in JAMA Oncology, analyzed saliva samples from 122,000 people. It revealed that certain types of oral fungi, particularly from the Candida genus, may also be involved in pancreatic cancer. This research builds on previous findings that connected oral health to other cancers, such as head and neck cancer.

The team developed a tool to estimate an individual’s cancer risk based on their oral microbiome, which could help physicians identify patients who need more frequent screenings for pancreatic cancer. The study highlights the importance of oral hygiene, suggesting that good dental care may not only prevent gum disease but could also reduce cancer risk.

While the study shows correlations between oral microbes and cancer risk, further research is needed to establish direct cause-and-effect relationships. The researchers plan to explore the potential role of oral viruses in cancer and their impact on patient survival.

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The UK is introducing a new digital identification system. This system aims to streamline the process of verifying people's identities online. It is part of a broader effort to modernize services and improve security. The digital ID will help with various activities, such as accessing government services and making transactions. The government hopes this will make life easier for citizens while ensuring privacy and security.

Rich Kulawiec responded to a discussion about the importance of email and mailing lists on June 19, 2025. He emphasized that mailing lists, despite being an older technology, remain popular due to their numerous advantages over modern alternatives. Key points he made include:

1. Accessibility: Mailing lists require no special software and can be accessed by anyone with a standard email client.
2. Simplicity: They are easy to use and understand compared to the diverse and complicated interfaces of web forums.
3. Security and Privacy: Mailing lists pose minimal security and privacy risks compared to social media and web forums.
4. Efficiency: They are bandwidth-friendly and work well even with limited internet access or during outages.
5. Asynchronous Communication: Users can read and respond to messages at their convenience, without needing to be online simultaneously.
6. Interoperability: Messages can be easily forwarded between lists or to individuals.
7. Archival and Searchability: Mailing list messages can be archived easily and searched locally, providing long-term access to discussions.

Kulawiec concluded that these features make mailing lists a robust choice for communication in various contexts.

A Boston University study led by neuroscientist Robert Reinhart explores why we remember certain moments in life more vividly than others. The research suggests that mundane memories can become stronger when linked to emotionally significant events. For example, if you win the lottery, you'll likely remember what you were doing just before that moment, even if it seemed unimportant at the time.

The study, involving nearly 650 participants, reveals that the brain uses a sliding scale to decide which memories to keep. It shows that memories occurring after a significant event are easier to recall if they are emotionally impactful, while those before the event are remembered better if they share similarities with the big moment, like color or context.

This research could lead to better treatments for memory issues, improve educational methods by linking emotional content to difficult concepts, and help recover fragile memories in clinical settings. It highlights the brain's ability to prioritize memories based on their emotional relevance and conceptual connections.

Nadia Eldeib shares her experience using AI coding agents, specifically Claude Code, to rebuild her startup's website, CodeYam, without hiring additional developers. She successfully implemented new designs using tools like VS Code and GitHub, which allowed her to work efficiently despite not having a coding background.

She faced challenges with Claude's inconsistent response quality, which sometimes resulted in unrelated changes and wasted time. However, she found it remarkable that she could translate designs from Figma into the codebase effectively. Nadia adopted a common software development workflow, utilizing branches, pull requests, and code reviews with Claude acting as a co-founder and CTO.

Throughout the project, she encountered several issues, including the generation of unnecessary files and Claude sometimes stopping mid-task. She learned to manage these quirks and emphasized the importance of frequent commits and team collaboration to maintain control over the project.

Overall, Nadia concluded that while using AI for website development was transformative and powerful, it required careful oversight, and she wouldn’t trust AI with critical production code without human checks. The combination of human direction and AI execution proved to be valuable in her project.

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Summary:

Paul Stephen returned to upstate New York to help his family's real estate business and unexpectedly launched Clarence Creative Kitchen, a shared-use kitchen in a former GM training facility in Buffalo. The space, which was initially intended for office and storage use, was transformed into a certified kitchen for food entrepreneurs after necessary upgrades.

Starting with no marketing budget, the kitchen gained popularity through word of mouth. Paul, who is passionate about helping small businesses grow, turned to The Food Corridor to manage operations more flexibly. This change allowed them to accommodate a growing number of users, expanding from 7 to over 30 active renters.

Clarence Creative Kitchen supports various food businesses, with a notable number being women-owned. Unlike other shared kitchens, they offer private rentals, allowing users complete access to the space during their booked time. The kitchen plans to add a second kitchen and classroom for community engagement and cooking classes.

Paul, who previously worked as a private investigator in New York City, finds running the kitchen one of the most rewarding experiences of his life.

The text discusses a personal experience of the author, a software engineer, who reflects on a past mistake related to implementing a hashing function for metrics in Prometheus. Here's a simplified summary of the key points:

1. Background: The author shares insights after undergoing surgery and reflects on their past decisions in software engineering.

2. Initial Mistake: They implemented a naive hashing method using FNV for a metric data structure, which resulted in inefficiencies and potential hash collisions that were overlooked.

3. Go Language Limitations: The author faced constraints in Go's map types, specifically that slices cannot be used as keys due to the need for comparison operators.

4. Inefficient Hashing: The original hashing approach involved unnecessary complexity and inefficiencies, such as using fmt.Fprintf, which led to performance issues.

5. Improved Hashing: The author suggests a more effective hashing function that uses a rolling hash technique and primes to avoid collisions, inspired by best practices from Java.

6. Modern Techniques: The author introduces the Go 1.19 feature, package maphash, which simplifies hashing functions, making them more idiomatic and efficient while handling complex data types more effectively.

7. Conclusion: The author acknowledges that while their initial approach was flawed, the evolution of Go's features allows for better hashing practices today. They encourage learning from past mistakes and emphasize the importance of efficient and effective coding practices.

Overall, the text serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of thoughtful implementation in software development, especially when it comes to performance and data integrity.

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Amazon is intensifying its efforts against e-book piracy for its Kindle e-readers. They have made it nearly impossible for users to back up or share purchased e-books by introducing a new DRM (Digital Rights Management) system. This system uses an account secret stored in a secure location on the Kindle, making it very difficult to decrypt and share books.

Recent updates for the latest Kindle models have further complicated the situation. Users now face issues with sideloaded books, as the new DRM tries to locate the book in the Amazon store and often fails, resulting in errors. Additionally, Amazon has removed options for downloading books via USB and updated its apps to limit access to purchased books.

Amazon is also cracking down on developers of software that allows users to bypass Kindle's restrictions. This strategy aims to discourage piracy and potentially attract more self-publishers to the Kindle Store, increasing sales. However, this strict approach may alienate some users who simply want an easy reading experience without complications.

No summary available.

Summary of Litex: A Simple Formal Reasoning Language

Litex is an open-source formal language designed for coding reasoning that can be learned in just 1-2 hours, even by those without a math or programming background. Its goal is to make formal reasoning accessible to more people and AI systems, significantly reducing the complexity and cost of creating formal proofs.

Key Features:

• Ease of Use: Litex simplifies reasoning processes, allowing even children to solve complex equations quickly, while traditional languages like Lean 4 require much more time and expertise.
• Community and Resources: Litex offers extensive resources like tutorials, cheat sheets, documentation, and collaboration opportunities on its website. Users can also run Litex on their computers and participate in community discussions.
• AI Integration: Litex has shown impressive results in AI applications, achieving high accuracy on specific datasets and providing tools for researchers to develop AI systems based on Litex.

The project is supported by a growing community and has a mascot, Little Little O, symbolizing curiosity and exploration. The creator, Jiachen Shen, expresses gratitude to the contributors who have helped develop and enhance Litex.

No summary available.

The author has created Lingo, which is a high-performance linguistic database designed for semantic search, similar to how SQLite operates for regular databases. They are a self-taught developer who left school at 16 and have taken a unique approach to system design in AI, challenging the idea that bigger models are always better.

Lingo is currently open-source, but the code is incomplete and has some issues. The author is seeking feedback and is eager to answer any questions. More detailed information and technical documentation can be found through provided links.

Summary of DeepFabric:

DeepFabric is a tool designed to create high-quality synthetic datasets for training language models. It focuses on topic-driven data generation and offers features like hierarchical topic trees and experimental topic graphs to produce diverse and contextually rich examples.

Key Features:

1. Three-Stage Pipeline: The process starts with generating topics, which leads to creating training examples, and ends with packaging the data in ready-to-use formats.

2. Advanced Topic Modeling: Unlike simple prompt generation, DeepFabric builds a conceptual map of a domain, ensuring broader coverage and consistent quality in the dataset.

3. Tool-Calling Capabilities: It supports training models on how to use tools effectively, detailing not just usage but the reasoning behind tool selection.

4. Topic Structures:

   • Topic Trees: Best for clear hierarchical domains (e.g., academic subjects).
   • Topic Graphs: Ideal for complex, interconnected domains (e.g., research areas).

Getting Started: Users can easily create their first dataset through installation, configuration, and generation steps. DeepFabric also supports a YAML format for detailed configuration and provides a Python API for programmatic access.

Integration: The tool integrates well with popular machine learning platforms and allows for easy dataset publishing to the Hugging Face Hub.

For a quick start, users can refer to the Installation Guide and follow the tutorial for generating their first dataset.

The Euclid Consortium has released the largest simulation of the universe, called Flagship 2. This simulation maps 3.4 billion galaxies and tracks interactions among over 4 trillion particles. It was created using a powerful supercomputer and aims to help analyze data from the Euclid space telescope, which studies dark energy and dark matter.

The Euclid telescope has been mapping galaxies since 2023 and will eventually cover about one-third of the night sky. The simulation is based on the current understanding of the universe, but researchers expect that Euclid's findings may challenge existing theories, particularly regarding dark energy.

The team is eager to learn if the characteristics of dark energy have changed over the past 10 billion years. They believe this research could reveal new insights into the universe's expansion and the nature of dark energy.

Researchers have discovered two diamonds from deep within the Earth that contain unusual combinations of materials. These diamonds, found in South Africa, include inclusions of oxidized carbonate minerals and reduced nickel alloys—two types of materials that typically do not coexist. This finding suggests a unique chemical reaction that occurs during diamond formation in the Earth's mantle, providing insights into the conditions deep underground.

The diamonds formed between 280 and 470 kilometers below the surface, challenging previous assumptions about the chemical environment at such depths. Scientists believed that oxidized materials couldn’t exist much deeper than 300 kilometers, but these samples indicate they can exist much deeper, which could change our understanding of how diamonds and related rocks, like kimberlites, form.

The diamonds capture a snapshot of the chemical reactions that create them, revealing that carbonate minerals can mix with metal alloys under the right conditions. This new information offers a real-world example to validate theoretical models about mantle chemistry and highlights the complexities of diamond formation processes.

The text contains technical specifications for web layout containers and elements, including settings for display, dimensions, padding, margins, borders, and responsive design for different screen sizes. Key points include:

• Flexbox Layout: The containers use a flexible box model to arrange items.
• Responsive Design: Adjustments for screens smaller than 700 pixels ensure elements fit well.
• Dividers: There are horizontal dividers styled with specific colors and widths to separate sections.
• General Structure: Several layout containers are defined, with properties set for alignment and spacing.

Overall, the text outlines how to structure and style web components for a cohesive layout.

Summary: Fast UDP I/O for Firefox in Rust

This project, initiated in mid-2024, aimed to improve Firefox's handling of UDP I/O for HTTP/3 traffic, which relies on QUIC. Currently, about 20% of Firefox's HTTP traffic uses this protocol, leading to significant UDP activity. Firefox previously utilized an outdated network library called NSPR, which lacked modern capabilities.

Key Improvements:

1. Adoption of Modern System Calls: The project replaced NSPR with a new UDP I/O stack built in Rust, enhancing both performance and security. It uses the quinn-udp library, which speeds up development.
2. Batch Processing: Instead of sending one UDP datagram at a time, Firefox can now send multiple datagrams in a single operation, reducing overhead.
3. Segmentation Offloading: Firefox can send larger datagrams that are segmented by the operating system, improving efficiency.
4. Cross-Platform Support: The improvements were designed to work across Windows, MacOS, Linux, and Android, although challenges arose on certain platforms, such as Windows and Android.

Performance Gains: Initial benchmarks show significant throughput increases, especially in CPU-bound scenarios, demonstrating performance improvements from less than 1 Gbit/s to 4 Gbit/s in some cases.

Future Work: While the transition has been largely successful, further optimizations are needed for certain features on Windows. The project also aims to enhance support for Explicit Congestion Notifications (ECN) in QUIC, with promising early telemetry results.

In summary, the project successfully modernized Firefox's UDP I/O stack, leading to better performance and security, with ongoing work to refine platform-specific implementations.

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Summary

The text discusses Genode, an open-source operating system (OS) architecture designed to manage the complexity of modern software systems while ensuring high security. It uses a structured approach to organize all components, including device drivers and applications, making it suitable for both embedded devices and general-purpose computing.

There are three key books related to Genode:

1. Genode Applications: A beginner-friendly guide for developing applications on Genode, covering the Goa SDK and essential libraries.
2. Genode Foundations: A comprehensive overview of the Genode framework, detailing its architecture and programming interface.
3. Genode Platforms: Focuses on low-level hardware topics for developers and integrators.

Recent updates to the Genode OS Framework include new features, improved performance, and updates to the accompanying books to align with the latest versions. Key highlights from the latest releases include enhancements to the kernel scheduler, API hardening, and support for new hardware. The roadmap for 2025 emphasizes improving Genode’s reliability and performance.

No summary available.

The clean hydrogen market is facing challenges, with only 11% of planned production for 2030 moving forward due to project delays and cancellations in the U.S. This is largely due to regulatory changes, economic uncertainty, and lower demand. However, this situation highlights opportunities to address the market's weaknesses, such as high costs and supply chain issues.

One promising method for producing clean hydrogen is methane pyrolysis, which splits methane into hydrogen and solid carbon without emitting carbon dioxide. This method can be more flexible in location and cost-effective due to existing natural gas infrastructure. It also requires less water than other production methods, making it suitable for areas with water scarcity.

Despite its advantages, methane pyrolysis faces challenges related to the quality of its carbon by-products and managing emissions from natural gas extraction. As global efforts in methane pyrolysis progress, the U.S. should support this technology to keep up with countries like Canada and Germany. Now is the time to seriously consider methane pyrolysis as a viable option in the clean hydrogen landscape.

Summary

The text outlines a guide on managing complex information and the relationships between information, people, and intent.

1. Identify the Mess: Understand that messes consist of both information and people, and that every situation is complex. Information is different from data and must be organized to meet various needs.

2. State your Intent: Clear communication of intent is crucial. The meaning behind words can vary, so it's important to start with the "why" before deciding on the "what" and "how."

3. Face Reality: Acknowledge the various factors and players involved in a situation. Reality is multifaceted and can be better understood through different diagrams and visual tools.

4. Choose a Direction: Determine what you are creating and the relationships between concepts. Language plays a significant role, so be mindful of the words you use and their implications.

5. Measure the Distance: Recognize the gap between your goals and current reality. Set clear measurements to track progress and adjust as needed.

6. Play with Structure: Explore different ways to organize information. Taxonomies can vary in structure, and combining them thoughtfully can enhance clarity and flexibility.

7. Prepare to Adjust: Be ready to adapt as circumstances change. Effective communication and collaboration are key to making sense of complex situations.

Overall, the guide emphasizes the importance of understanding complexity, clear communication, and adaptability in managing information and relationships.

This paper discusses the use of property-based testing (PBT) to evaluate the OCaml 5 multicore runtime system, focusing on three main case studies: testing the Array module, weak hash sets, and the garbage collector. The authors employ a model-based state machine framework for testing, which allows for random combinations of function calls and can also conduct parallel tests to check for race conditions.

Key Points:

1. Property-Based Testing Overview: PBT generates random test cases and checks if certain properties hold true. For example, testing that the concatenation of lists is associative.

2. Case Studies:

   • Array Module: The authors created tests to check the functionality of OCaml's built-in arrays, ensuring operations like setting and getting values work correctly and handle out-of-bounds errors properly.
   • Weak Hash Sets: They tested non-deterministic behavior since elements can be removed automatically by the garbage collector. The tests check that operations like adding or removing elements behave as expected.
   • Garbage Collector: The garbage collector was tested under various conditions, ensuring it correctly reclaims memory and does not crash during operations.

3. Challenges Encountered: The testing revealed over 40 bugs, including segmentation faults, race conditions, and assertion errors. Issues were found in the array bounds checks, weak hash set operations, and garbage collection behavior, especially during compaction.

4. Testing Methodology: The authors employed sequential, parallel, and stress testing techniques using QCheck, a library for property-based testing in OCaml. This included generating commands to simulate various operations and checking if the results matched expected outcomes.

5. Results and Impact: The tests were effective in identifying critical bugs and improving the stability of the OCaml runtime system. The findings contributed to refining the documentation and correcting errors in the implementation.

In summary, the paper illustrates the effectiveness of property-based testing in ensuring the reliability of complex software systems like OCaml's runtime, especially during its transition to support multicore processing.

Summary of Bach Cello Suites Website

This website is dedicated to exploring the Bach Cello Suites, a significant work for solo cello that many consider among the greatest ever composed. The site aims to help visitors navigate the vast number of recordings available, each offering different interpretations by various skilled cellists.

The creators of the site express their passion for the Suites and have engaged in discussions about the emotional impact of different performances. They focus on how these performances make listeners feel rather than just technical aspects like phrasing and tone.

Additionally, they are interested in the technical qualities of recordings, such as sound quality and acoustics. The website shares their conversations and insights to encourage others to delve deeper into the Suites.

While their opinions are personal and not authoritative, they aim to provide valuable perspectives on each recording. Overall, the site is a resource for those interested in understanding and appreciating the Bach Cello Suites.

A developer created a simple chess game for his son in Singapore to play with his grandfather in China. This game is unique because it meets specific needs: it runs on a single server to bypass firewalls, doesn't require an email to log in (since it uses WeChat), is compatible with Android browsers, and is easy to install and configure. The game was built using Django and client-side JavaScript, and the developer hopes it's user-friendly and easy to modify. You can try a live demo at family-chess.quee.org.

The article discusses an experiment comparing Redis and PostgreSQL as caching solutions. The author, Vik, set up a simple HTTP server to test both systems using Kubernetes, limiting resources to 2 CPUs and 8 GiB of memory. The tests involved benchmarking both systems with 30 million entries, measuring requests per second, latencies, and resource usage.

Key findings include:

1. Performance: Redis outperformed PostgreSQL in all tests, handling more requests per second and exhibiting lower latencies. Redis achieved 11,258 requests per second compared to PostgreSQL's 7,425 for cache retrieval and 10,794 vs. 6,063 for cache updates.

2. Resource Usage: Redis maintained stable CPU and memory usage, while PostgreSQL often maxed out its CPU limits and used more memory during tests.

3. Unlogged Tables: The use of unlogged tables in PostgreSQL improved write performance but did not significantly affect read performance.

4. Conclusion: Although Redis demonstrated superior performance, the author prefers PostgreSQL for caching in their projects due to reduced complexity and the need for a database. They highlight that PostgreSQL can still handle substantial loads effectively.

The article suggests that while Redis is faster, PostgreSQL can be sufficiently performant for many applications and offers the advantage of fewer dependencies. The author plans to consider further optimizations and possibly re-run tests on improved hardware in the future.

Summary:

Elephantshark is a new open-source tool created to monitor Postgres network traffic, developed by Neon. It acts as a middleman in Postgres connections, allowing users to see and troubleshoot the data exchanged between Postgres servers, clients, and other components.

Unlike Wireshark, which struggles with SSL/TLS-encrypted connections, Elephantshark can decrypt and log this traffic, making it easier to analyze. It can also work alongside Wireshark by writing keys to an SSLKEYLOGFILE.

To use Elephantshark, you simply run it in one terminal and connect to your Postgres database in another, adjusting the connection settings as needed. The tool will then display the data being transferred in real-time.

For more information and installation instructions, you can visit the GitHub page.

Lit Hub invites readers to join their community and supports literary discussions. Recent popular posts include:

1. An article on how poetry can capture moments in time.
2. A reading list for Fall 2025.
3. A piece celebrating Jane Austen on her 250th birthday.
4. Tips for encouraging reading in a digital age.

Additionally, the site features reviews of the best books of the month and week. Notable articles include the publication of a previously unseen story by Raymond Chandler, reflections on writing inspiration, a historical look at a fascist plot against Hollywood, and discussions on crime TV legacies from writers like Elmore Leonard and Robert B. Parker.

You have been chosen to complete a CAPTCHA to confirm your request. Please fill it out below and click the button to submit.

Today, YC announced a new initiative called Early Decision for students. This change aims to help college seniors who are interested in starting their own companies.

Last year, YC increased its program from two batches to four per year to provide more flexibility for founders. This change has been well-received, as it allowed many founders to participate when it suited them best.

Early Decision was created to address a common issue for graduating seniors: they typically interview for jobs in the fall, which can conflict with their desire to apply to YC. With Early Decision, students can apply to YC during their job recruiting period. If accepted, they can confidently decline job offers, knowing they have a place in the YC program.

This idea isn't new; YC has informally offered it since 2018, but now it’s officially part of the application process to make it clearer and more accessible for students.

RedoxFS Summary

RedoxFS is the default filesystem for Redox OS, designed for a microkernel architecture and inspired by ZFS. It replaces the old TFS and includes several features:

• Works with both Redox and Linux (via FUSE).
• Supports copy-on-write, data/metadata checksums, and transparent encryption.
• Offers standard Unix file attributes.
• Can handle files and directories up to 193 TiB in size and up to 4 billion items within that space.
• Disk encryption is supported by the Redox bootloader, allowing it to load from encrypted partitions.
• It is licensed under MIT, allowing compatibility with GPL-licensed systems like Linux.

Tooling: RedoxFS has tools for creating, mounting, and editing .img files. To install it, use:

cargo install redoxfs

Make sure to install fuse3 if you encounter any installation errors.

Creating a Disk: You can create a RedoxFS by allocating space with:

fallocate -l 1G redox.img

Then initialize it with:

redoxfs-mkfs redox.img

Mounting a Disk: To mount the disk, first create a directory:

mkdir ./redox-img

Then run:

redoxfs redox.img ./redox-img

Unmounting: Unmount the disk using:

fusermount3 ./redox-img

When you ask AI to write stories, they often turn out very similar. For instance, the AI named Claude tends to include themes like lighthouses and cartographers in many of its stories. This happens due to "mode collapse," where the AI sticks to the safest and most common patterns it learned, resulting in stories that are just small changes of a basic template.

This paper explains important algorithms for instruction tuning models in a straightforward way. It covers methods like SFT, Rejection Sampling, REINFORCE, TRPO, PPO, GRPO, and DPO. The author aims to clarify these concepts, avoiding jargon and complicated explanations, so that readers can easily understand them in relation to large language models (LLMs). Additionally, the paper includes a review of recent techniques and introduces a new research idea called GRAPE (Generalized Relative Advantage Policy Evolution).

Summary of Amiga Spice

SPICE, which stands for "Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis," is a software used for simulating electronic circuits. It was created by Laurence Nagel at the University of California and is available as public-domain software, allowing it to be adapted for different systems, including the Amiga.

SPICE helps in designing electronics by simulating circuits before building prototypes. The Amiga version being discussed is 3f5. Users input circuit designs in a text file, including component values and commands for calculations. SPICE can output results to a command line interface or in an interactive mode, where users can input commands directly.

The program allows users to modify circuit parameters easily and see the effects of those changes in real-time. While the Amiga version lacks a graphical editor, modern versions of SPICE often include advanced features and are widely used today.

In conclusion, while modern SPICE versions are preferred for complex work, the Amiga version 3f5 remains useful for simpler projects.

Summary of "The Little Book of Linear Algebra"

Author: Duc-Tam Nguyen
Published: September 26, 2025

This book covers fundamental concepts in linear algebra via ten chapters:

1. Vectors, Scalars, and Geometry: Introduces basic elements like scalars and vectors, how to perform vector operations, and concepts of length and angles.

2. Matrices and Basic Operations: Explains matrices as both tables and functions, matrix operations, and special types of matrices.

3. Linear Systems and Elimination: Discusses how to convert equations into matrices, perform row operations, and solve linear systems using elimination techniques.

4. Vector Spaces and Subspaces: Defines vector spaces and their properties, including spans, bases, and dimensions.

5. Linear Transformations and Structure: Describes linear transformations, their matrix representations, and concepts like invertibility and projection.

6. Determinants and Volume: Covers the determinant's properties, how it relates to volume, and methods for calculating it.

7. Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, and Dynamics: Explains the significance of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in understanding matrix behavior and stability.

8. Orthogonality, Least Squares, and QR: Discusses orthogonality, the Gram-Schmidt process, least-squares problems, and QR factorization.

9. SVD, PCA, and Conditioning: Introduces Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and the importance of conditioning in matrices.

10. Applications and Computation: Explores real-world applications of linear algebra in graphics, data processing, and statistical modeling, along with computational techniques.

This book serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding and applying linear algebra concepts across various fields.

Summary of Gurted Ecosystem

• Gurted is a web ecosystem that uses the gurt:// protocol for secure web development.
• Flumi is a browser built with the Godot game engine, offering great performance on all platforms.
• The GURT Protocol is similar to HTTP but requires TLS 1.3 encryption for security.
• GurtDNS is a custom DNS server that provides encrypted DNS services, resembling DNS over HTTPS.
• Ringle is a search engine designed for the GURT ecosystem, prioritizing user privacy.
• GurtCA issues TLS certificates for GURT domains and automates the validation process.
• Gurty is a command-line tool that simplifies setting up and managing GURT protocol servers.
• An example Gurted site shows basic HTML structure and dynamic content creation using Lua scripting.
• To get started, users can download Flumi and begin building their first GURT site with available documentation.

Summary of "RISC-y Business: A History of ARM, Part 1"

In 1983, Acorn Computers, a small UK company, faced competition from powerful new computers like the IBM PC and Apple Macintosh. To remain relevant, they needed a new CPU design but lacked funds for extensive research.

Sophie Wilson, a designer of the BBC Micro, proposed adding a more powerful CPU slot called the “Tube.” She and her co-designer, Steve Furber, initially looked at existing processors but found them unsatisfactory. After visiting a simpler design company, they realized they could attempt to create their own CPU. With support from Acorn's management, they explored a new type of CPU called RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing), which aimed to simplify the internal design by reducing the number of instructions from hundreds to just 45.

The RISC design allowed for faster processing and was simpler, making it easier to design. Wilson and Furber’s team built the ARM (Acorn RISC Machine) CPU, which took 18 months to develop and was notable for its performance and low power consumption. The first ARM chip was successfully tested in 1985.

However, Acorn struggled financially as sales of their BBC Micro declined. They sold a controlling interest to Olivetti and needed a new computer to showcase the ARM CPU. In 1987, they released the Acorn Archimedes, which performed well but lacked software support compared to competitors like the Macintosh.

Despite good reviews, the Archimedes sold poorly. Acorn then worked on an improved operating system called RISC OS and a new ARM chip version. As they sought additional investment to further develop the ARM technology, a representative from another major tech company approached them.

This sets the stage for the next chapter in ARM's history.

Webhound is an AI tool that helps users build datasets from the web using natural language prompts. You describe what you need, and the AI searches for, organizes, and extracts the data, outputting it in a CSV format for easy export. There's a no-signup version available for the HN community at hn.webhound.ai.

The tool was created to simplify the tedious process of manual research, which often involves opening many tabs and dealing with inconsistent data. Users have successfully utilized Webhound for various tasks, including:

• Competitor analysis
• Lead generation for new Shopify stores
• Tracking pricing changes for apps
• Mapping investors in specific startup sectors
• Collecting research papers on certain topics
• Analyzing user complaints on platforms

Webhound has evolved from an earlier version that was costly and inefficient to a more structured multi-agent system that improves reliability and reduces costs significantly. The AI operates in two phases: planning and extraction, using a specialized text-based browser for efficiency. Future updates aim to enhance the system's scalability and performance.

The team is open to feedback, especially from users with experience in similar tools.

NPR is in a legal dispute with the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) over a $57.9 million grant intended for a new group managing the public radio satellite system. This conflict arises as federal funding for public broadcasting is set to decline drastically due to Congressional decisions influenced by former President Trump.

For over 40 years, NPR has operated the satellite system that connects public radio stations. However, recent changes mean that CPB will no longer provide funding to NPR for this service, instead awarding it to a consortium called Public Media Infrastructure, which includes various public radio entities.

NPR claims this decision is politically motivated and violates its rights, as it believes the CPB is acting under pressure from the Trump administration. NPR is also involved in a separate lawsuit against the White House regarding federal funding cuts.

NPR's leadership expressed regret over this change, highlighting how it damages the long-standing relationship between NPR and CPB. They argue that the decision undermines the public radio system's integrity and stability. A court hearing on NPR's request for a temporary restraining order is scheduled soon, as the funding cuts take effect.

Flock Safety, a private surveillance company, reinstalled its license plate cameras in Evanston without city permission after they had been ordered to be removed. The city had previously terminated its contract with Flock due to concerns that the company allowed federal authorities access to the camera data, which violated state law.

On September 8, Flock had removed 15 of its 18 cameras but later reinstalled them, prompting the city to issue a cease-and-desist order. City officials stated that Flock acted without authorization, and the company has agreed to remove the cameras again.

The original contract with Flock was approved in early 2023, with a five-year extension added in January 2024. Although the city has paid for two years of the extension, it plans to terminate the contract officially by September 26, but Flock is contesting this decision.

Concerns arose regarding whether the cameras had been inactive after the shutdown order, as data from Flock suggested that some cameras may have continued to log vehicle information. The city has indicated that it will monitor the situation closely as it moves to resolve the issue.

Current coding agents, despite improvements in intelligence, are not yet capable of fully replacing software developers. The main issue is not their intelligence but their lack of context about the problems they're solving.

Key Points:

1. Intelligence vs. Context: Coding agents have become smarter, achieving remarkable results in competitions. However, they struggle with context, which limits their effectiveness without human assistance.

2. Autonomy Levels: Coding agents operate on a spectrum of autonomy:

   • Level 1: Simple autocomplete.
   • Level 2: Basic task completion (requires human help).
   • Level 3: More complex tasks (limited reliability).
   • Level 4: Major features are out of reach.
   • Level 5: Full codebase projects work best from scratch but often fail before finalizing.

3. Failures: When coding agents fail, it's often due to a lack of context rather than intelligence. They need to understand not only the code but also the development practices, architectural patterns, and reasons behind decisions.

4. Needed Context:

   • Access to all code and documentation.
   • Understanding of how the codebase is organized.
   • Knowledge of existing patterns and conventions.
   • Awareness of development practices and business requirements.

5. Challenges: Much of the necessary context isn't explicitly documented and is spread across various sources, making it hard for agents to synthesize this information.

6. Future Directions: To improve, coding agents need more access to context and should learn to recognize when they're lacking information and seek human input.

In summary, while coding agents are becoming more intelligent, their success hinges on gaining a deeper understanding of the context in which they operate.

Gabriel Mahler has been researching hedgehog habitats by mapping brambles using satellite data and machine learning models. He created a bramble map by combining data from different sources. To test his model, Gabriel and his team took a field trip around Cambridge.

Starting at the Milton Community Centre, they quickly found brambles as the model predicted. They discovered many brambles between the community center and Milton Country Park, and in high-confidence areas near the park entrance. The model was effective in locating large brambles, although it struggled with smaller ones that were partially hidden.

The team documented their findings with photos and GPS data. They also explored a residential area and found significant bramble growth. They ended their trip at Bramblefields, a nature reserve known for its brambles. Overall, the team was impressed with the model's accuracy, noting its potential for further development, possibly using a mobile setup for real-time data analysis.

Google DeepMind has released updated versions of their Gemini 2.5 Flash and Flash-Lite models. These updates improve quality and efficiency. Key features include:

• Cost Reduction: Gemini 2.5 Flash-Lite reduces output tokens by 50%, and Gemini 2.5 Flash by 24%, lowering costs.
• Enhanced Functionality:
  • Flash-Lite: Better at following complex instructions, produces more concise answers, and has improved audio transcription, image understanding, and translation.
  • Flash: Improved tool usage for better performance on complex tasks, with a 15% boost in efficiency for long-horizon tasks.

Users can start testing these models today with specific model strings. A new "-latest" alias allows easy access to the most recent versions without updating code frequently. Users will receive a 2-week notice before any updates. These releases are aimed at gathering feedback to improve future stable versions.

Security researchers have discovered a serious vulnerability in Unitree robots, which could allow hackers to take control of multiple robots at once. This issue was highlighted during the 2025 INCLUSION Conference in Shanghai, where Unitree showcased their humanoid robot, the G1. The vulnerability is described as "wormable," meaning it can spread easily between devices. This poses a significant security risk for fleets of these robots.

The article discusses the maximum number of legal moves possible in a chess position, which is 218. This conclusion was reached after extensive research and analysis that began with a 1964 composition by grandmaster Nenad Petrović. The author, a computer scientist, used mathematical methods and computer algorithms to explore the vast number of potential chess positions.

Key points include:

1. Historical Context: The limit of 218 moves has been known for 60 years, but attempts were made to find a position with more moves.

2. Mathematical Approach: The author explains that checking all chess positions (estimated at ~4.8x10^44) is impractical, so they used mathematical techniques to filter out non-viable positions.

3. Optimizations: The analysis involved eliminating unnecessary pieces and configurations that wouldn't increase the number of moves, and simplifying rules to speed up the search process.

4. Results: After intensive computation, the author confirmed that while there are positions with 218 moves, none exceed this number. They also found the optimality of positions with fewer moves, including a previously established record of 144 moves without promotions.

5. Future Exploration: The author encourages others to explore related chess problems, offering a code snippet on GitHub for those interested in conducting their own research.

Overall, the study affirms that 218 is the maximum number of legal moves for White in a chess position, providing closure to a long-standing question in chess composition.

Summary

As of 2025, open source software (OSS) has become mainstream, significantly impacting modern IT and the cloud. In Europe, there is a growing need for governments and organizations to move beyond just using OSS and start actively contributing to it. The Linux Foundation highlights that while many companies have adopted OSS, most see themselves merely as consumers rather than contributors.

A recent survey indicates that while 86% of employees desire to use OSS, only 34% of companies have a formal open source strategy. There's a recognized benefit in contributing to OSS projects, yet only a small percentage of firms employ dedicated contributors. The European demand for independence from non-European technology is rising, particularly after Microsoft's acquisition of GitHub, leading some to seek local alternatives like Codeberg.

European organizations must engage more actively in the open source ecosystem. This includes investing in projects, providing training for developers, and increasing collaboration. The main barriers to participation include legal concerns and uncertainty about returns on investment. Overall, Europe needs to shift from passive use of OSS to active involvement to remain competitive and ensure digital sovereignty.

Large neural network models, especially for language and image tasks, are becoming hard to deploy due to their size and memory needs. To address this, researchers have developed a new type of neural network layer called "binary normalized layers," which use only single-bit parameters (0 or 1) for all weights and biases. These layers can be applied to various types of models, such as fully connected and convolutional networks.

In tests, two models were created: one for multiclass image classification and another for predicting the next word in a sequence. Both models using binary normalized layers performed similarly to traditional models with 32-bit parameters, but they used 32 times less memory.

This innovation allows large models to run on simpler and cheaper hardware, like mobile devices or standard CPUs, making it easier to deploy advanced neural networks in various applications.

No summary available.

In AI, the main goal is alignment, which means making sure AI systems act in ways that are beneficial and safe. Steerability refers to the methods used to achieve this alignment. It involves guiding AI behavior to ensure it meets our expectations and standards.

No summary available.

The text discusses a talk by Saša Jurić at the Goatmire Elixir Conf, focusing on improving code reviews and pull requests (PRs). Here are the key points:

1. Code Review Challenges: Many engineers dislike code reviews because PRs can be too large and complex, leading to superficial feedback like "Looks Good To Me" (LGTM). This can result in security issues and unmaintainable code.

2. Reviewable PRs: Saša suggests that PRs should be manageable, ideally taking 5-10 minutes to review. To achieve this, PRs should be smaller, preferably under 300 lines of code.

3. Storytelling in Commits: Writing commit messages that tell a story is crucial. Instead of generic messages, developers should explain the purpose and context of their changes. This helps reviewers understand the code better.

4. Iterative Process: The talk emphasized the importance of maintaining a coherent commit history. Using "fixup" commits can help keep the history clean and understandable.

5. Benefits of Clean History: A clean commit history makes it easier to track down bugs and understand code changes over time.

6. Collaboration in Reviews: By presenting clear and focused PRs, developers can receive better feedback, speed up development, and ensure higher code quality.

In summary, the talk encouraged developers to be more intentional about their PRs and commit messages to enhance the code review process.

Summary of ChatGPT Pulse Introduction

On September 25, 2025, OpenAI introduced ChatGPT Pulse, a new feature for Pro users on mobile that allows ChatGPT to proactively assist users by providing personalized updates. Instead of just responding to questions, ChatGPT now researches information based on your conversations, feedback, and connected apps like your calendar.

Key features include:

• Daily Updates: ChatGPT synthesizes relevant information every night and delivers it the next day in a simple format, like visual cards.
• Customization: Users can guide what ChatGPT researches by providing feedback and making specific requests for future updates.
• App Integration: By connecting apps like Gmail and Google Calendar, ChatGPT can offer context-based suggestions, such as meeting agendas or reminders.
• Safety Checks: Updates are screened to avoid harmful content.

ChatGPT Pulse aims to enhance user interaction by providing timely, curated information that helps users focus on their goals without unnecessary distractions. It is still in preview mode and will continue to improve based on user feedback. The long-term vision is for ChatGPT to become a proactive assistant that helps users manage tasks and achieve their objectives efficiently.

Summary of "The Wind, a Pole, and the Dragon"

The author discusses a confusing request for help from a Japanese user who used machine translation to describe an error encountered during a software installation. The original message included bizarre phrases like “vomit,” “goat-time,” and “spank,” which the author interprets as errors related to runtime logs and installation issues.

Key points include:

• The term "vomit" likely refers to an error being thrown during installation.
• "Lumber" seems to mean logs, and "goat-time" may refer to runtime.
• "Spank" could be a mistranslation for "execute," and "skill" might mean "experience."
• The user is frustrated and wonders if the real error is hidden in the runtime logs or due to their lack of experience.
• The phrase “insult to father’s stones” might express frustration or relate to software dependencies.
• The meaning of “the wind, a pole, and the dragon” remains unclear, with various interpretations proposed but no definitive answer.

The author invites anyone with more insights to share their thoughts.

David Lattimore recently attended RustForge in Wellington, New Zealand, where he presented a talk on "Wild performance tricks." The focus of the talk was on optimizations used in the Wild linker, particularly in handling SymbolId types and memory management for better performance in multi-threaded environments.

Key Points:

1. Mutable Slicing for Multi-threading:

   • The Wild linker uses SymbolId for symbol resolution, storing them densely in a vector (Vec).
   • Symbols for each object are allocated contiguously in memory to improve cache performance.
   • A parallel processing function is implemented using Rayon to handle resolutions for multiple objects simultaneously.

2. Parallel Initialization:

   • The sharded-vec-writer crate allows for parallel initialization of the resolutions vector, avoiding the need for placeholder values.

3. Atomic Operations:

   • To handle cases where multiple symbols share the same name, AtomicSymbolId is introduced, enabling safe concurrent writes.
   • The conversion between SymbolId and AtomicSymbolId is optimized to avoid performance hits.

4. Buffer Reuse:

   • To enhance performance, heap allocations are minimized by reusing buffers across loops, preventing frequent allocations.
   • A helper function reuse_vec allows converting between types while reusing the same heap allocation.

5. Deallocation on a Separate Thread:

   • Freeing memory can be slow, so large allocations can be dropped in another thread to improve performance.

6. Bonus Optimization:

   • A method to handle structs with non-static lifetimes and non-trivial Drop implementations was discussed, allowing safe movement to separate threads.

Lattimore's optimizations demonstrate advanced techniques in memory management and concurrency in Rust, aimed at enhancing the performance of the Wild linker. He also expressed gratitude to his GitHub sponsors for their support.

Cloudflare has announced the private beta of its new Email Service, which simplifies the process of sending transactional emails directly from Cloudflare Workers. This service builds on their existing Email Routing product, creating a unified platform for all email needs.

Key features include:

1. Easy Integration: Developers can send emails with a simple code snippet, eliminating the hassle of managing API keys and secrets.

2. Enhanced Deliverability: The service focuses on ensuring that emails reach users' inboxes quickly and reliably, using automatic DNS configurations to improve trust with email providers.

3. Comprehensive Workflow Support: It supports processing incoming emails, allowing for automated workflows like generating support tickets or responding to user inquiries.

4. Compatibility: Email Service works seamlessly with existing email frameworks, making it easy to integrate into current applications.

5. Future Development: The Email Service will be available in private beta starting in November, with plans for a paid subscription based on the number of messages sent.

This service aims to enhance user experience by making email communication efficient and reliable, which is essential for modern applications, especially those incorporating AI and automated processes. Interested developers can sign up for a waitlist for the Email Sending feature.

Summary of LuaJIT Language Toolkit

The LuaJIT Language Toolkit is a tool for creating and modifying programming languages that run on the LuaJIT virtual machine. It is built using Lua and generates LuaJIT bytecode, which is executed by the LuaJIT engine.

Key Components:

1. Lexer: Converts Lua source code into a stream of tokens. For example, it can break down code into tokens like variable names and operators.

2. Parser: Takes the token stream and builds an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) based on the language's grammar. The AST represents the program's structure and is easier to manipulate than raw code.

3. Bytecode Generator: Once the AST is created, this module converts it into optimized LuaJIT bytecode, similar to what LuaJIT generates natively.

4. C API: Provides functions to create custom languages within LuaJIT, allowing for a separate Lua state to compile code without interfering with the main application.

5. Alternative Code Generator: A simpler Lua code generator is also available, ensuring compatibility with LuaJIT by parsing directly.

Building and Running: The toolkit can be compiled using Meson and run with specific commands to execute Lua code. A custom executable, called luajit-x, utilizes the toolkit's pipeline, making it easy to experiment with language modifications.

Bytecode Inspection: Users can inspect the generated bytecode using specific command-line options. An annotated dump of the bytecode is also available for debugging purposes.

Current Status: The toolkit is in beta, fully featured, and capable of executing its own modules. However, some bugs may still exist, so caution is advised when using it.