No summary available.

GitHub offers a developer newsletter that provides tips, technical guides, and best practices. It is sent twice a month directly to your inbox. You can subscribe to receive it.

No summary available.

Summary: Protecting Our Merchants from Extortion

Last week, Checkout.com faced an attempted extortion by a criminal group called "ShinyHunters," who claimed to have accessed data from our old cloud storage system. This system, used before 2021, contained some operational documents and affected less than 25% of our merchants. Importantly, our payment processing platform was not affected, and no merchant funds or card numbers were compromised.

We acknowledge that the unauthorized access was due to our failure to properly decommission the old system. We apologize for any concern this has caused and are actively contacting those impacted while working with law enforcement.

We refuse to pay the ransom. Instead, we will donate the ransom amount to support cybercrime research at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Oxford. Our commitment remains to uphold security, transparency, and trust in our industry. We are here to support our merchants and address any questions they may have.

Summary of Blender Lab Introduction

On November 7, 2025, the Blender Foundation announced the creation of Blender Lab, an innovation space for designers and developers to collaborate on future-focused projects. As Blender has evolved into a complex software, maintaining stability and reliability has become crucial, which can hinder innovation.

Blender Lab aims to encourage experimentation and creative solutions by allowing teams to work on projects that tackle unknown challenges. These projects, known as lab activities, will be publicly shared on the Blender website, detailing their goals and progress, and inviting community feedback.

Initial lab projects include exploring new input methods (like touch and VR), volume rendering, and light transport. The lab will focus on two types of research: applied research, which develops innovative solutions, and academic research, collaborating with universities and research institutions.

To propose a lab project, interested individuals should contact the Blender Foundation with a detailed project description. The selection will consider factors like funding and relevance to Blender’s mission.

The initiative has been supported by Blender's community and corporate backing, with ongoing campaigns necessary for its success. Contributions can be made through the Blender Development Fund.

No summary available.

No summary available.

No summary available.

Genie 3 is a versatile world model created by Google DeepMind. It can create a variety of interactive environments. This technology is set to be available in August 2025.

The Prosopo team initially used MongoDB Atlas for their cloud database, which was easy to set up and manage at first. However, as their data increased, costs skyrocketed to over $3,000 per month due to high charges for data transfer and lack of support. To cut expenses by 90%, they migrated to Hetzner, a more affordable cloud provider, where they set up a powerful server for just $160 per month.

The migration involved transferring 500GB of data and setting up a new environment using Proxmox, Ubuntu, and Docker. This move required more technical management, including securing, backing up, and monitoring the database. They implemented various tools for server management, backups, and security.

Overall, this DIY approach greatly reduced costs and improved performance, but it also increased their responsibilities. The Prosopo team is satisfied with their new setup and hopes their experience helps others considering cloud database options.

Tesla is recalling over 6,000 Cybertrucks, about 10% of those on the road, due to a problem with the glue used to attach an optional light bar to the windshield. The issue arises from an incorrect primer that increases the risk of the light bar detaching, which could be dangerous if it falls off while driving.

To fix this, Tesla plans to add a mechanical attachment to the light bar, ensuring it stays in place even if the glue fails. Owner notifications are expected to be sent out on December 26, 2025, but it may take months for the necessary repairs to be completed at service centers.

Summary: Switching from GPG to age

Luke Hsiao discusses his transition from using GPG for encryption to a new tool called age. After years of using GPG keys stored on YubiKeys, he decided to let his keys expire since he primarily used them for encryption, not signing. Instead of renewing or rotating his keys, he chose to explore age, which offers a simpler and more modern encryption experience.

Key Changes in Workflow:

1. Password Manager: He switched from using 'pass' to 'passage,' a version that uses age for encryption. The migration was easy thanks to a provided bash script.
2. No more gpg-agent: He moved away from gpg-agent for SSH keys, opting for unique SSH keys on each machine for better security and monitoring.

Benefits of Using age:

• Easy Encryption with chezmoi: He integrated age with chezmoi, enabling secure management of configuration files and secrets.
• Simple YubiKey Setup: Setting up age on YubiKeys was fast and straightforward, taking only about 30 minutes compared to hours with GPG.

Final Thoughts: While switching to age was not necessary, Luke enjoyed the process of exploring new tools, which often leads to fresh insights and greater appreciation for existing tools. He finds age to be a beneficial addition to his workflow.

In distributed systems, it's crucial to monitor whether nodes (servers or services) are functioning correctly, especially since they operate across multiple machines and locations. One effective way to do this is through "heartbeat mechanisms." A heartbeat is a regular signal sent from a node to indicate it is alive.

Key Points about Heartbeat Mechanisms:

1. Heartbeat Messages: These are small messages sent at fixed intervals (like every 2 seconds) to show that a node is active. If a node doesn't send a heartbeat within the expected time, it may be assumed to be down.

2. Components:

   • Heartbeat Sender: This is the node that sends heartbeat signals.
   • Heartbeat Receiver/Monitor: This tracks received heartbeats and determines if nodes are healthy.
   • Heartbeat Interval: The frequency of heartbeat messages, which needs to balance quick failure detection and network efficiency.
   • Timeout: The period the monitor waits to declare a node as failed after missing heartbeats.

3. Choosing Intervals and Timeouts:

   • Short intervals allow quick failure detection but can overwhelm network resources.
   • Long intervals slow down failure detection, risking service disruptions.
   • A common practice is setting the timeout to be 2-3 times the heartbeat interval to allow for network delays.

4. Push vs. Pull Models:

   • Push Model: Nodes send heartbeats on their own. This can fail if a node crashes.
   • Pull Model: The monitoring system queries nodes for their status. This can be more reliable but adds load to the monitor.

5. Failure Detection Algorithms:

   • Basic algorithms might use fixed timeouts, but more advanced methods, like the phi accrual detector, assess the likelihood of failure based on historical heartbeat data.

6. Gossip Protocols: In large systems, gossip protocols help distribute failure detection responsibilities among nodes, improving scalability and reliability.

7. Implementation Considerations:

   • The choice of communication protocol (TCP vs. UDP) affects reliability and speed.
   • Systems need to handle network partitions carefully to avoid inconsistencies.

8. Real-world Applications: Systems like Kubernetes and Cassandra use heartbeat mechanisms for maintaining node health and facilitating operations within distributed environments.

Overall, heartbeat mechanisms are vital for ensuring reliability in distributed systems. Proper design choices regarding intervals, timeouts, and failure detection can significantly impact system performance and responsiveness in the face of failures.

In a recent article, Benjie Holson, VP of Engineering at Robust AI, discusses the challenges of creating humanoid robots that can perform everyday household tasks like opening doors, doing laundry, and handling peanut butter. He emphasizes that achieving these simple tasks is a significant hurdle for roboticists. The article highlights the ongoing quest to develop robots that can effectively manage various aspects of daily life, illustrating the complexity involved in making robots more functional and useful at home.

No summary available.

No summary available.

The text outlines features and options available on a digital platform, likely related to gaming or software, called Steam. Key sections include:

• Store: Contains options like Home, Discovery Queue, Wishlist, Points Shop, News, and Stats.
• Community: Features include Home, Discussions, Workshop, Market, and Broadcasts.
• Support: Provides assistance options.
• Language Options: A list of languages available for users, including English, Spanish, Chinese, and many others.

Additionally, there is a tool for displaying tooltips related to navigation elements. Users can also install Steam and log in.

Summary of LINE Seed Typeface

LINE Seed is a new typeface developed by LINE, focusing on usability and a friendly image. The name "Seed" symbolizes its growth alongside LINE's services and users. It includes fonts in four scripts: Latin, Korean, Japanese, and Thai, ensuring a consistent global message.

The typeface is geometric with Gothic influences, prioritizing simplicity and familiarity. It maintains the LINE logo's straight lines and adds clear curves for improved readability. LINE Seed aims to enhance user convenience by connecting people and information seamlessly.

All fonts are licensed under the SIL Open Font License, allowing free personal and commercial use, but resale of the font files is prohibited. Users are encouraged to credit the font in commercial products.

For more details on the license, please refer to the SIL Open Font License website. LINE Seed represents LINE's universal and friendly approach, featuring rounded corners in all its glyphs. It includes OpenType features for better letter spacing and integrates various service icons for added visual interest.

LINE collaborated with Dalton Maag, a prominent typeface design studio, to create LINE Seed, marking a significant global partnership.

No summary available.

No summary available.

Large language models (LLMs) face limitations because they generate text one token at a time. To improve this, researchers propose a new approach called Continuous Autoregressive Language Models (CALM). Instead of predicting one token at a time, CALM predicts a continuous vector that represents multiple tokens, enabling more efficient processing. It uses a high-quality autoencoder to compress a group of tokens into one vector, allowing for nearly perfect reconstruction of the original tokens. This method reduces the number of steps needed to generate text, improving efficiency.

To support this new approach, a new framework for training and evaluating the models was developed. Experiments show that CALM offers better performance for less computational cost compared to traditional methods. Overall, CALM represents a promising direction for creating more efficient language models.

ShaderGlass Summary

ShaderGlass is a tool that allows users to run GPU shaders on their Windows desktop, enhancing the visual experience. Here are the main features:

• Shader Effects: It can apply various shader effects, including CRT monitor simulation, image upscaling, and softening effects, in either a floating window or full screen.
• Wide Compatibility: Works with many emulators and pixel art programs like DOSBox, ScummVM, and Aseprite.
• Versatile Use: Can be used for pixel art previews, and even over platforms like YouTube and Twitch.
• Capture Options: Supports capturing from USB devices like webcams and capture cards, and can be recorded using OBS.
• Customizable: Users can save profiles, import external shaders, and adjust many settings.
• Latest Release: Version 1.2.2 includes performance improvements and bug fixes.

Requirements:

• Windows 10 (version 2004 or later) or Windows 11, with a DirectX 11-capable GPU.

For more information, users can refer to the online manual and access the latest version on GitHub or Steam. ShaderGlass is open-source under the GNU General Public License v3.0.

On November 12, 2025, OpenAI announced the release of GPT-5.1, an upgraded version of ChatGPT that enhances both intelligence and conversational style. The update is rolling out first to paid users. Key features include:

1. Two Models:

   • GPT-5.1 Instant: This is the most popular model, designed to be warmer and more conversational.
   • GPT-5.1 Thinking: This model focuses on advanced reasoning, being clearer and faster in handling tasks.

2. Customization: Users can now easily adjust ChatGPT's tone and style to match their preferences, with new settings including Professional, Candid, and Quirky.

3. Improved Interaction: The model is better at following instructions and providing tailored responses based on user needs. It can now adapt its reasoning time based on the complexity of the question, resulting in quicker answers for simple queries and more thorough responses for difficult ones.

4. User-Friendly Features: The update includes intuitive controls for adjusting the chatbot's tone and a more empathetic default response style.

5. Gradual Rollout: The new features will be gradually released, with a focus on maintaining system performance. Users can still access the previous GPT-5 version for a transition period.

Overall, GPT-5.1 aims to create a more enjoyable and personalized user experience.

The article outlines a detailed process for reverse engineering the firmware of a Yaesu FT-70D ham radio. Here are the key points simplified:

1. Background: Ham radios are intriguing devices that can have unique chips and firmware. The author attempted to hack into their Yaesu FT-70D radio, starting with limited resources available online.

2. Firmware Update Tool: The author discovered a Windows application provided by Yaesu for firmware updates via USB. This application is likely where the firmware resides, and the author planned to extract it using disassembly tools like IDA Pro or Ghidra.

3. Data Analysis: The update utility was analyzed to understand how the firmware is stored and encrypted. The author found a specific resource in the application that likely contained the firmware, but it appeared to be encrypted.

4. Reverse Engineering Steps:

   • The author used a debugger to trace the execution of the update process and identify how the firmware data is decrypted.
   • They identified functions responsible for inflating bytes into bits and then decrypting the data using a dynamically generated key from a timestamp.

5. Encryption Details: The decryption process involves:

   • Inflating the encrypted firmware data into a bit array.
   • Using a series of key transformations and static lookup tables to decrypt the data.
   • Finally, the decrypted data is deflated back into its original byte format.

6. Utility Creation: The author created a Rust utility that replicates the decryption process, allowing others to extract and analyze the firmware.

7. Firmware Analysis: The article concludes by mentioning the use of IDA Pro for disassembling the firmware, indicating the next steps for deeper analysis of the firmware code.

Overall, the article serves as a guide for those interested in reverse engineering embedded devices, detailing both the technical processes involved and the tools used.

This is a guide to randomness testing, designed for beginners. It aims to make the concept of randomness testing simple and easy to understand. Users can enter a binary string (made up of 0s and 1s) to run tests.

In the late 1990s, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which is widely used for secure data encryption. To ensure AES was secure, NIST created detailed statistical tests to check if its output was truly random. However, researchers later found various issues with these complex tests. This guide seeks to simplify randomness testing for hobbyists.

No summary available.

The text provides an overview of a digital platform, likely a gaming or software store. It includes sections for browsing and managing games or content, such as a home page, discovery queue, wishlist, points shop, news, and statistics. There is also a community section for discussions, a workshop, a market, and broadcasts. Additionally, it mentions support options and provides a language selection feature for various languages, including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and many others. Lastly, there's a prompt for reporting translation issues.

Summary: Understanding Transpilers vs. Compilers

The article discusses misconceptions about transpilers, tools that convert code from one programming language to another. Here are the key points:

1. Definition and Complexity: Transpilers are often confused with compilers. While compilers typically have complex structures to handle different language semantics, transpilers are mistakenly thought to be simpler.

2. Myth #1 - No Frontends: Some believe transpilers don’t have frontends. However, tools like Nuitka and Mojo, which convert Python to C, show that they operate similarly to compilers by requiring frontends to handle code.

3. Myth #2 - Simplicity: Transpilers are often seen as straightforward. For example, converting JavaScript features like generators into older versions requires complex transformations, debunking the idea that transpilers are simple.

4. Myth #3 - Same Abstraction Level: It’s assumed that input and output languages have the same level of complexity. However, significant transformations between different languages indicate that they are not equivalent.

5. Myth #4 - No Backends: Critics claim transpilers lack backends. Yet, tools like BabelJS have presets targeting different JavaScript versions, similar to how compilers work with multiple backends.

6. Myth #5 - Compilers Only Target Machine Code: Compilers can generate different types of output, such as bytecode for virtual machines, challenging the notion that they only produce machine code.

7. Myth #6 - Transpilers are not Compilers: Many dismiss the complexity of transpilers, leading to poorly maintained tools. In reality, programming languages involve both syntax and semantics, making the development of transpilers complex.

Overall, the article emphasizes that both transpilers and compilers deal with intricate programming language semantics, and dismissing one as simpler leads to ineffective tools.

Valve is set to dominate the upcoming console generation with the launch of three new products: the Steam Controller, Steam Machine, and Steam Frame, adding to the success of the Steam Deck.

1. Steam Controller: Similar to the Steam Deck's input, it's designed to be user-friendly and effective.

2. Steam Machine: Unlike its predecessor, which failed, this new version boasts impressive specs, including 16 GB of RAM and a dedicated GPU with 8GB of video memory. It's compact and versatile, allowing users to install any compatible software or operating system, which provides gamers with extensive freedom. This could lead to a strong game library and make it easier for independent game developers to create games.

3. Steam Frame: A new standalone VR headset that combines features of the Steam Deck and a Meta Quest. It aims to deliver high-quality VR experiences and runs on a unique ARM CPU. It supports foveated rendering, which optimizes graphics rendering for better performance. The headset also allows for a full desktop environment and the capability to run Android apps.

The success of these products depends largely on their pricing, but Valve's established financial strength suggests they might offer competitive prices. Overall, Valve’s new hardware is positioned to appeal to gamers and developers alike.

Summary:

Perplexity is developing solutions to enable the deployment of trillion-parameter models on AWS using a new set of efficient kernels for expert parallelism. These kernels reduce latency and improve performance for large models like Kimi-K2, which face challenges with existing GPU resources.

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture allows for scalable models by distributing tasks across multiple GPUs. However, it requires specialized communication techniques due to its unique routing needs. Perplexity has created both inter-node and intra-node kernels that enhance performance by optimizing data transfer processes over InfiniBand and AWS's Elastic Fabric Adapter (EFA).

The new kernels use a hybrid CPU-GPU design to efficiently handle token routing and processing, enabling faster communication and better resource utilization. They have shown significant improvements in latency and throughput for large models in tests compared to previous methods.

Future work involves collaborating with AWS to further enhance performance and reduce overhead in their systems. Overall, the developments are aimed at making large-scale AI models more accessible and efficient for deployment in cloud environments.

No summary available.

No summary available.

Meta has changed WhatsApp for Windows 11, making it a web-based app instead of a native application. This new version uses a significant amount of RAM (up to 2GB when logged in) and performs poorly compared to the previous native version, which only used about 190MB on average. Users are experiencing slow performance, long loading times, and issues with notifications.

The shift to a web app is likely due to recent layoffs at Meta, which means they are saving costs by maintaining a simpler codebase. Users can temporarily avoid the new version but will ultimately be forced to switch. Many recommend using the WhatsApp web version in a browser instead, as it runs better than the new WebView2 app.

A recent study from the University of California San Diego found that colon cancer patients taking GLP-1 medications, like Ozempic and Wegovy, have significantly lower death rates compared to those not using these drugs. Specifically, only 15.5% of patients on GLP-1 drugs died within five years, compared to 37.1% of those who did not take them.

The study analyzed over 6,800 colon cancer patients and adjusted for various health factors. It showed that GLP-1 medications might offer a protective effect, especially for patients with high body mass index (BMI). These drugs may help reduce inflammation, improve insulin sensitivity, and promote weight loss, which can positively influence cancer outcomes.

However, the researchers stress that more studies are needed to confirm these findings and understand the exact reasons behind the lower death rates. They advocate for clinical trials to explore whether GLP-1 drugs can actually improve survival for cancer patients, particularly those with obesity-related cancers. The study was published on November 11, 2025, in the journal Cancer Investigation.

Summary of Marble: A Multimodal World Model

Marble, an advanced multimodal world model, is now available to everyone. It allows users to create, edit, and interact with 3D worlds using a variety of inputs such as text, images, and videos. Marble can generate 3D environments from simple prompts and offers extensive editing tools to refine and expand these worlds.

Key Features:

• Multimodal Input: Users can create 3D worlds from text, images, videos, or rough layouts, allowing for creative flexibility.
• World Editing: Marble includes tools for users to make detailed edits, whether minor adjustments or significant changes to the environment.
• Chisel Tool: A new feature for advanced users, allowing for precise 3D sculpting of worlds using basic shapes and imported assets.
• Expansion and Composition: Users can enlarge existing worlds or combine multiple worlds to create larger, more complex environments.
• Export Options: Finished worlds can be exported as high-quality 3D models or videos, which can be used in various projects.

Marble also introduces Marble Labs, a platform for collaboration and experimentation where users can find tutorials and showcase their creations.

Overall, Marble is designed to enhance spatial intelligence in AI, paving the way for innovative applications in gaming, robotics, and design. Users are encouraged to sign up and start creating at marble.worldlabs.ai.

No summary available.

Helm has released version 4.0.0, its first stable version. Key new features include:

• A redesigned plugin system supporting Web Assembly.
• Post-renderers as plugins.
• Support for server-side apply.
• Improved resource watching.
• Local caching for charts.
• Enhanced logging capabilities.
• Reproducible builds of chart archives.
• Updated API with support for multiple chart versions.

Helm v4 introduces some backward-incompatible changes, particularly to the command-line interface and SDK. However, it aims to maintain compatibility with existing Helm v3 charts.

Users can download Helm v4.0.0 for various platforms including MacOS, Linux, and Windows. Future updates are planned, with patch releases scheduled for December 2025 and minor releases in January 2026.

The Helm community continues to grow, encouraging users to participate in discussions and contribute to development.

At the 2025 Bitwarden Open Source Security Summit, journalist Andy Greenberg discussed how his view of Bitcoin changed drastically over the years. Initially, he believed Bitcoin offered complete anonymity for users, but he later realized it was highly traceable due to its blockchain technology.

Key points from the discussion include:

1. Criminal Investigations: Law enforcement, particularly through the work of IRS investigator Tigran Gambaryan, discovered that Bitcoin's blockchain is a permanent record, allowing for detailed tracking of transactions. This has led to significant successes in tracing criminal activities.

2. Notable Cases: Greenberg highlighted several key cases where cryptocurrency tracing played a crucial role:

   • Silk Road: Investigators used blockchain analysis to uncover corrupt agents receiving payments from the site’s operator.
   • Mt. Gox: Tracing led to the identification of Russian cybercriminals responsible for stealing 650,000 Bitcoins.
   • AlphaBay: Federal agents shut down a major dark web marketplace through advanced tracing techniques.
   • Child Exploitation: Investigations revealed a dark web marketplace for child abuse materials, identifying many perpetrators and rescuing victims.

3. Challenges Persist: Despite the success of blockchain tracing, crimes like ransomware attacks and scams continue. The challenge is that while perpetrators can be identified, many operate from regions where law enforcement cannot reach them, leaving them unaccountable.

4. Privacy Concerns: The same blockchain analysis that helps catch criminals also raises privacy issues for law-abiding citizens. This duality is a significant concern as law enforcement gains more power to track individuals.

Greenberg's new book, "Tracers in the Dark," details these cases and the forensic techniques used, offering insights into the evolving landscape of cryptocurrency and crime. The discussion emphasizes the intersection of technology, law enforcement, and personal privacy.

Summary of yt-dlp Announcement:

• New Requirement: The latest version of yt-dlp (2025.11.12) now requires an external JavaScript runtime for full YouTube support.

• Recommended Runtimes: Users should install one of the following JavaScript runtimes, listed from most to least recommended:

  1. Deno (recommended for most users) - Minimum version: 2.0.0
  2. Node - Minimum version: 20.0.0
  3. QuickJS - Minimum version: 2023-12-9
  4. QuickJS-ng - All versions supported, but upstream QuickJS is preferred.
  5. Bun - Minimum version: 1.0.31

• Default Setting: Only Deno is enabled by default; the others are disabled for security reasons.

• Additional Component: Users also need the yt-dlp-ejs component, which is included in all official yt-dlp executables and the default Python package.

• Note: For more details, users can refer to the EJS wiki page.

Summary:

On November 12, 2025, Apple launched Digital ID, a new feature that allows users to create and present an ID in Apple Wallet using their U.S. passport information. This provides a secure and private way to verify identity, especially for domestic travel at TSA checkpoints in over 250 U.S. airports.

Digital ID is beneficial for people who do not have a REAL ID-compliant driver's license or state ID. However, it cannot replace a physical passport for international travel.

To set up Digital ID, users can add it to their Apple Wallet by scanning their passport and taking a selfie for verification. Once created, users can present their Digital ID by accessing Apple Wallet on their iPhone or Apple Watch and using Face ID or Touch ID for authentication.

The data is encrypted, ensuring privacy, and only the necessary information is shared during transactions. Digital IDs will eventually be accepted at various businesses for identity verification.

Additionally, the ability to store driver's licenses and state IDs in Apple Wallet is already available in 12 states and Puerto Rico, with new locations and features being added. For more details, visit Apple’s website on IDs in Apple Wallet.

The early history of railroads in the United States began shortly after the Revolutionary War, with the first steam locomotive created in 1784. Significant developments in railroad technology primarily occurred in the UK, where notable inventors like William Murdoch and George Stephenson built the first successful locomotives and railways.

However, when American railroads started to evolve, they faced different challenges compared to their British counterparts. US railroads had to deal with longer distances, lower populations, and less funding, leading to winding routes and the use of wooden trestles instead of expensive stone structures.

One notable innovation was the strap rail track, which involved attaching a thin iron plate to timber to save on iron costs. This method was much cheaper—costing around $20,000 to $30,000 per mile compared to $179,000 for solid iron tracks. By 1840, about two-thirds of US railroads used strap rail. However, this cost-saving measure led to high maintenance costs and safety issues, causing strap rail to fall out of favor by 1847 when it was banned in New York.

Despite its decline in main railroads, strap rail was used for horse-drawn streetcars in cities and on some private industrial railways until the late 19th century. An even cheaper alternative, the pole road, was also used in logging but quickly became rare due to its poor durability.

Overall, the evolution of US railroads was shaped by various challenges such as limited resources and geography, leading to unique technological solutions like strap rail.

The text discusses the latitudes of cities in Europe and America, highlighting how certain cities share the same latitude. For example, Miami is at the same latitude as Egypt, San Diego with Morocco, and if Detroit were in Europe, it would be in southern Bulgaria. New York City and Washington D.C. would align with Turkey.

Maps are provided to visually compare the latitudes of various cities in North America with those in Europe and Australia. It also mentions that while cities may be at the same latitude, they do not always have the same climate. Overall, the content emphasizes the interesting geographical relationships between cities based on their latitude.

Jamie and Dan are developing JSX Tool, an inspector and development panel IDE for React projects that makes it easy to navigate JSX code and inspect the render stack. They created this tool to improve their workflow, inspired by their experiences with source maps and AI-assisted coding.

Key features of JSX Tool include:

• JSX Navigation: Quickly navigate to any line of JSX code in your project.
• CSS Editing: Edit styles for JSX components as if they were HTML, with changes applied globally.
• AI Integration: Use AI to help with in-memory style tweaks and save changes back to your codebase.
• Dev Server: A local server that allows the extension to interact with your project's file system, though it can be used without it.

The tool has been enhanced to function as a more complete IDE with features like vim bindings, type checking, auto-completion, and code searching. While the IDE features are free, some AI functionalities come with usage limits.

The extension itself isn't open-source, but the dev server is available for others to build upon. In the future, they plan to add more AI features to enhance coding efficiency further. They welcome users to try JSX Tool and are open to discussing its technical aspects.

No summary available.

No summary available.

Professor Ioannis Yannas, a respected member of MIT's Department of Mechanical Engineering for nearly 60 years, passed away at age 90 on October 19, 2025. He was renowned for inventing artificial skin, which has saved countless burn victims' lives. His work also contributed to the field of organ regeneration, a breakthrough that was once thought impossible.

Yannas collaborated with John Burke in the late 1960s, leading to the development of a silicone-based skin substitute in 1981 that protected burn victims and enabled skin cell growth. This invention, known as Integra, is still widely used today.

Throughout his career, Yannas received numerous accolades, including membership in the National Academy of Medicine and the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He was also a dedicated teacher and mentor, known for his innovative thinking and commitment to advancing medical science. His contributions have had a lasting impact on bioengineering and regenerative medicine.

Yannas was born in Greece, educated at Harvard and MIT, and spent his entire academic career at MIT. He is survived by his children, grandchildren, and many friends and family members. A celebration of his life will be announced later.

No summary available.

No summary available.

No summary available.

No summary available.

No summary available.

Summary of VibeThinker-1.5B

VibeThinker-1.5B is an advanced AI model with 1.5 billion parameters, designed to show that smaller models can be highly effective in reasoning tasks. It uses a unique training method called the "Spectrum-to-Signal Principle (SSP)" which improves its problem-solving abilities, making it better than larger models like DeepSeek R1, which has over 400 billion parameters, on several math benchmarks.

Key Points:

• Open Source: VibeThinker-1.5B is now available for free to the public.
• Efficiency: Despite being much smaller than other leading models, it performs exceptionally well in math and coding tasks.
• Cost-Effective: The model’s development cost is significantly lower than its competitors, making it more accessible.
• Performance: It excels in specific benchmarks, outperforming models that are much larger.
• Usage: Ideal for competitive math and coding problems, with recommended settings for optimal performance.

Access and Implementation:

• The model can be downloaded from Hugging Face and ModelScope.
• A usage guide and sample code are provided for easy integration.

Licensing: The code is shared under the MIT License, and users are encouraged to cite the work if used in research or products.

No summary available.

Summary of USB HID, Keyboard LEDs, and Device Emulation in BoxLambda

On March 12, 2024, updates were made to BoxLambda to support keyboard and mouse functionalities using a USB interface, facilitated by the NAND2Mario usb_hid_host core. Initially, PS/2 was considered, but the switch to USB allowed for easier integration.

Key Features of BoxLambda:

• Includes an Ibex RISC-V core and various system components like timers, GPIO ports, and audio support.
• Supports external DDR3 memory and has automated testing capabilities.
• Utilizes a simple USB host core that doesn't require a complex USB software stack.

USB HID Host Core:

• The core operates at 12MHz and handles USB device enumeration automatically.
• Outputs information about connected devices (key presses, mouse movements, etc.).
• Supports simpler Boot Protocols, though not all devices may be compatible.

Adding Keyboard LED Control:

• The author explored how to control keyboard LEDs by sending a specific message (SetReport) to the USB device.
• Changes were made to the core's processor to recognize new commands for LED control.

Testing and Emulation:

• To simulate USB devices, an emulator was created that mimics keyboard and mouse behavior in a test environment.
• A custom firmware was developed to interact with the keyboard and manage LED states based on received commands.

Simulation and Setup:

• The project includes detailed steps for testing on both Verilator and FPGA setups, showcasing functionality through terminal outputs.
• Emulation and testing involve connecting actual hardware and manipulating software components to observe interactions.

Conclusion: The integration of USB support in BoxLambda simplifies interaction with USB keyboards and mice. While initial integration was straightforward, adding LED control required deeper exploration into USB protocols. The project highlights the elegance of using lightweight processors and the importance of thorough testing and simulation in hardware development.

There was an issue with the content you wanted to access. Please contact the support team for help and include the following information:

• Reference number: 99df83adcf4fe356
• IP Address: 54.248.248.244
• User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Linux) HeadlessChrome/141.0.7390.37
• Timestamp: November 13, 2025, 16:06:06 UTC

This is a Cloudflare error.

No summary available.

The text recounts the author's experience with Hack Club, a community aimed at empowering teenagers to create projects. Initially, the author was excited about Hack Club's mission and its supportive community, which contrasts with typical online environments. However, the narrative takes a turn in detailing significant issues, particularly regarding data protection and the handling of sensitive information.

Key Points:

1. Community and Mission: Hack Club encourages teens to build projects and fosters a supportive environment. Many members felt empowered, gaining skills and opportunities.

2. Data Protection Failures: The author discovered multiple data breaches exposing personal information of users. Reports to Hack Club's staff often went unanswered, and responses were dismissive, relying on inadequate legal advice from ChatGPT rather than qualified professionals.

3. Recurrent Security Issues: Vulnerabilities were repeatedly exposed, with little to no accountability or learning from past mistakes. The culture of "vibecoding" prioritized rapid deployment over security, leading to ongoing breaches.

4. Interns in Critical Roles: Many critical functions, including data compliance, were handled by untrained teenage interns, resulting in dangerous oversights and exploitative labor practices.

5. Community Response: Members of the community voiced concerns about the decline in quality and transparency, feeling that Hack Club had shifted from a supportive community to an organization focused on metrics and quantity over quality.

6. Lack of Accountability: The organization often deflected criticism and failed to take responsibility for its shortcomings, leading to a culture of fear regarding raising concerns.

7. Potential for Change: Despite the issues, the author believes Hack Club still has the potential to be a positive force for teenagers. The path forward includes implementing proper data protection measures, fair compensation for labor, and genuine transparency.

Overall, while Hack Club has the infrastructure and community to succeed, it must address its serious data protection failures, improve accountability, and prioritize the safety and well-being of its members. The future of Hack Club depends on its willingness to learn from these challenges and enact meaningful change.

Summary:

A recent report shows a significant decline in U.S. religiosity, with the percentage of adults who consider religion important dropping from 66% in 2015 to 49% in 2025, marking one of the largest decreases globally in the past decade. While half of Americans now say religion is not important in their daily lives, this decline is part of a broader trend where fewer people in the U.S. identify with a religion or attend religious services.

Compared to other countries, the U.S. has less religiosity than the global median, which has remained stable at around 81% for many years. However, the U.S. is becoming more similar to other advanced economies, where only 36% of adults find religion important. This positions the U.S. uniquely in the world, with a medium-high Christian identity but middling levels of actual religious practice.

Overall, the U.S. is now less religious than many parts of the world but still maintains a higher level of religious importance in daily life than most other wealthy nations.

For the first time, a human-made object, Voyager 1, will soon be one light-day away from Earth, expected to happen on November 13, 2026. Launched in 1977, Voyager 1 is currently about 169.5 astronomical units (AU) from Earth and travels at around 61,198 kilometers per hour (38,027 miles per hour). This speed means it will take over a year to reach the full 24-hour light distance of 25.9 billion kilometers (16 billion miles).

Voyager 1 has already crossed the heliopause and is in interstellar space. Signals from Earth currently take about 23 hours, 29 minutes to reach it. After it reaches the light-day distance, it will not come back within that range as it continues its journey through the Solar System and eventually the Oort Cloud.

The Oort Cloud is a region of space filled with icy objects, and it might take Voyager 1 about 300 years to reach its inner edge, with many thousands of years to fully pass through it. Although it will drift alone for a long time, in about 40,000 years, it will come close to another star, Gliese 445.

Overall, Voyager 1 has a long future ahead, continuing to travel through space with little chance of encountering other stars in the near term.

Bluetooth 6.2 has been released with several improvements aimed at enhancing performance and security. Key updates include:

1. Faster Connections: The minimum connection interval for Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) has been reduced from 7.5 milliseconds to 375 microseconds, making devices more responsive—beneficial for gaming, AR/VR, and real-time interfaces.

2. Improved Security: New protections against amplitude-based RF attacks make devices, especially in automotive and smart home markets, less vulnerable to threats like relay and spoofing.

3. Better USB Communication: A new "Bulk Serialization Mode" streamlines data transmission over USB, simplifying the integration of LE audio in Bluetooth devices.

4. Enhanced Testing: Updates to Bluetooth LE Test Mode allow for wireless testing of Bluetooth RF PHY, eliminating the need for cables.

The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) now releases specifications bi-annually, with the next version, Bluetooth 6.3, expected in May 2026.

Summary of Docker Debug

• Purpose: Docker Debug is a command that allows you to get a shell into any Docker container or image, useful for debugging, especially with slim images that lack standard tools.

• Requirements: It requires Docker Desktop version 4.49 or later, or a Pro, Team, or Business subscription for earlier versions.

• Features:

  • Access to Slim Images: Unlike docker exec, Docker Debug works with minimal images that do not have a shell.
  • Custom Toolbox: It provides a toolbox with tools like vim, nano, htop, and curl, and allows adding more tools without modifying the actual image.
  • Filesystem Changes: Changes made in a debug session do not affect the original image or container for stopped images. For running containers, changes are visible but will not persist after exiting.

• Usage Examples:

  • To debug a slim image like hello-world:
    • Run: docker run --name my-app hello-world
    • Debug: docker debug my-app
  • Modify files in a running container:
    • For an nginx container: Change index.html using vim.
  • Install additional tools using the install command.

• Entry Points: You can use the built-in entrypoint tool to understand and test the startup command of a container.

• Direct Command Execution: You can run commands directly using the --command option without starting an interactive session.

• Remote Debugging: The --host option allows you to connect to remote Docker instances over SSH or other methods.

This summary highlights the key functionalities and use cases of Docker Debug for effective container debugging.

The author of "Casual Physics Enjoyer" shares their experience testing the effects of UV light on baker's yeast in a home lab setting. They conducted an experiment using 280nm UV light and discovered that calculating the UV dose applied to the yeast was complex and prone to errors. The investigation highlighted the variability inherent in lab experiments and the challenges of maintaining a sterile environment.

Key findings include:

• The UV light did not completely kill all yeast colonies at a dose believed to be sufficient, indicating potential issues with dose calculations.
• The experimental setup was complicated, requiring careful measurement of flow rates and UV intensity.
• Contamination was a concern, arising from various sources, and the author plans to improve sterilization techniques in future experiments.

The author aims to share more about sterile techniques for home labs, emphasizing the importance of understanding the subtleties of experimental science. Overall, they found the experience enlightening and are motivated to continue independent experimentation.

Summary of jsonrepair

jsonrepair is a tool used to fix invalid JSON documents. You can try it out through a demo or use it in applications. It can resolve various issues in JSON, such as:

• Adding missing quotes around keys
• Inserting necessary commas and closing brackets
• Fixing truncated JSON
• Replacing single quotes with double quotes
• Stripping unnecessary comments and code blocks
• Handling special characters and Python constants

Installation and Usage:

• Install via npm: $ npm install jsonrepair
• Use in JavaScript with ES modules, CommonJS, or UMD.
• For Node.js, a streaming API is available to handle large documents.

Command Line Interface (CLI):

• Install globally with $ npm install -g jsonrepair.
• Use commands to repair JSON files directly from the command line.

Development:

• The library has both non-streaming and streaming implementations, allowing for flexibility based on file size and performance needs.
• There are scripts available for building, testing, and releasing new versions.

License:

• jsonrepair is released under the ISC license.

The document outlines a proposal by the Council of the European Union aimed at preventing and combating online child sexual abuse. Here's a simplified summary of the key points:

1. Background: The proposal seeks to create a regulation that sets clear rules for online services to help protect children from sexual abuse, while balancing the need to respect users' rights.

2. Detection Obligations: The proposal suggests removing certain detection requirements from the original text, but allows for future assessment of the need for such obligations based on technology developments.

3. Provider Responsibilities: Online service providers must take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of their services being misused for child sexual abuse. This includes conducting risk assessments and implementing mitigation measures.

4. Risk Assessment: Providers should regularly update their risk assessments to reflect changes in technology and usage patterns. They should also categorize their services based on risk levels.

5. Cross-Border Cooperation: The regulation would apply to all providers offering services in the EU, regardless of where they are based, to ensure a level playing field and effective enforcement.

6. Judicial Scrutiny: There is a provision allowing courts in member states to oversee cross-border removal and delisting orders, ensuring that these actions comply with national laws.

7. Specific Exclusions: Some services, like those not available to the public or used for national security, are excluded from this regulation to protect confidentiality.

8. Age Verification: The regulation emphasizes the importance of age verification measures to protect children while ensuring privacy and data protection.

9. Detection Orders: If mitigation measures fail, authorities may request "detection orders" to monitor or restrict services deemed high risk for child sexual abuse.

This proposal reflects a collective effort by EU members to enhance child protection online while ensuring that the rights of service providers and users are not unduly compromised.

Researchers at Stanford Medicine have discovered that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), commonly found in most Americans, is linked to the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). This virus can cause certain immune cells, specifically B cells, to become overactive and attack the body’s own tissues, leading to lupus.

Lupus affects hundreds of thousands of Americans and is more prevalent in women. While it can be managed with medication, there is currently no cure. The study revealed that about 20% of B cells in our bodies can mistakenly target our own tissues, but they usually remain inactive. In lupus patients, however, the number of activated B cells rises significantly.

The researchers developed a new technique to identify EBV-infected B cells, finding that lupus patients have a higher proportion of these infected cells. The EBV virus, even when dormant, can trigger these cells to produce proteins that lead to inflammation and autoimmunity.

This connection could extend beyond lupus to other autoimmune diseases. While an EBV vaccine is being developed, it would need to be administered shortly after birth, as it cannot eliminate the virus in those already infected. The study has led to new patents and potential treatments targeting this mechanism in lupus.

The author recently explored FreeBSD in a virtual machine while awaiting a new Framework laptop, which is known for its compatibility with Linux and FreeBSD. They believe that using a Framework laptop would be ideal for running FreeBSD, as the FreeBSD Foundation is working on improving support for such laptops.

The reasons for considering FreeBSD include:

1. Cohesive Experience: FreeBSD offers a unified system where kernel and user utilities are maintained together, which might simplify contributions.
2. Software Availability: While some software may be missing or delayed, FreeBSD has a substantial amount of available software.
3. Stability: FreeBSD is known for its claimed stability, potentially providing a reliable system.

The author set up FreeBSD in a virtual machine on an M1 Mac Mini, focusing on network configuration and DNS caching. They encountered some setup challenges but managed to connect to the internet and configure DNS caching.

They also explored system security features, package management, and firewalls. They noted that FreeBSD has multiple firewall options, which can be confusing, and that the package management system is generally effective but slower than some Linux alternatives.

The author found differences between GNU and BSD command-line tools frustrating, particularly the lack of long options in FreeBSD commands. They also touched on the FreeBSD community's unwelcoming attitude toward Linux users, which they found off-putting.

Overall, the author is still uncertain if they would adopt FreeBSD long-term, as they await the arrival of their new laptop to test the system on actual hardware. They plan to write a follow-up article based on that experience.

No summary available.

Summary: Making the Clang AST Leaner and Faster

Matheus Izvekov discusses recent improvements to the Clang Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), which is crucial for compiling modern C++ code that heavily uses templates. These improvements aim to make the AST smaller, simpler, and faster, resulting in reduced compile times for large projects.

Key points include:

1. AST Optimization: A significant patch was added to Clang, leading to notable compile-time improvements. For instance, a test in stdexec saw a 7% reduction in build time, while the Chromium build improved by 5%.

2. Eliminating Redundancies: The previous structure of the AST included unnecessary nodes (like ElaboratedType) that consumed extra memory and processing time. The new structure merges elaboration and qualification directly into RecordType, reducing memory usage and improving efficiency.

3. NestedNameSpecifier Representation: The representation of name qualifiers was streamlined, changing from multiple allocations to a single compact pointer. This change reduces memory usage and the overhead of looking up unique entries, resulting in faster processing.

4. Performance Gains: The new design requires fewer memory allocations and allows for faster operations due to cached information in the type representation.

Overall, these structural changes to the Clang AST lead to significant performance gains in compiling large C++ codebases, showcasing how small optimizations can have a big impact on build times.

Summary:

The landscape of software development has drastically changed in the last five months due to the emergence of agentic AI, which can automate coding tasks. Traditionally, the profession has been defined by the high cost of hiring skilled developers, averaging around $150 per hour, driven by supply and demand. This economic model shaped how software was designed, built, and tested, often leading to a focus on justifying developer costs rather than optimizing software quality.

With the rise of agentic AI tools, coding has become significantly cheaper and faster, shifting the focus from how to produce code to knowing what to build. Developers can now create functional code rapidly, but this increased speed can lead to poor-quality output if not managed correctly. Organizations that lack the necessary skills and processes to leverage these tools may struggle to adapt, potentially leading to technical debt and inefficient practices.

To succeed in this new environment, developers must evolve by understanding business needs, embracing higher-order skills, and focusing on software quality over mere quantity. The future of software development will depend less on coding skills and more on wisdom regarding what should be built. The author plans to explore these changes and provide insights on adapting to the new reality of agentic coding.

The AI Bubble Monitor is a tool that helps analyze and visualize signs of potential market bubbles in the AI industry. It collects various data and metrics to create an "AI Bubble Score" that ranges from 0 to 100. This score is divided into five categories:

1. Valuation
2. Capital Flows
3. Adoption vs Fundamentals
4. Sentiment & Hype
5. Systemic Risk

Each category offers insights into different market behaviors and helps identify possible overvaluation.

The text is about a user interface for a platform, likely related to gaming or digital content. It includes sections for:

• Store: Where users can access their home, discovery queue, wishlist, points shop, news, and stats.
• Community: Includes discussions, workshops, a market, and broadcasts.
• Support: Offers help for users.
• Language Options: Users can choose from multiple languages, including English, Spanish, Chinese, and many others.

There is also a mention of using jQuery for a tooltip feature in the navigation header. The overall focus is on providing easy navigation and support for users in various languages.

On November 5, 2025, Daniel Roth discusses how Copilot Studio leverages .NET and WebAssembly to enhance performance and drive innovation. The presentation highlights the benefits of using these technologies to create efficient and innovative applications.

The White House is hosting CEOs from major banks like J.P. Morgan and Goldman Sachs for a meeting. Raymond James' CEO expressed optimism about the economy's future. Additionally, there are reports that the White House is considering limiting the influence of proxy advisers and index funds on shareholder voting.

The text also includes information about cookies used on a website, stating that some are necessary for the site's functionality and security, while users can choose to block tracking technologies, though this may affect site performance.

The text discusses various technical details about ZLIB-compressed Thumb instructions and the Capstone library. Here are the key points:

1. Compression Argument: The author argues that a DEFLATE stream without headers is more likely to occur than one with headers, countering a previous claim about ZLIB-compressed Thumb instructions.

2. Capstone Version: The latest Capstone version mentioned is 0.14.1, but a newer version exists. The author initially built Capstone themselves rather than using an existing Zig version.

3. Build Process: The build process is complex due to cross-compiling with Zig and using static linking, which can affect performance negatively.

4. Memory Allocation: Capstone performs dynamic memory allocation during execution, which may slow down performance in critical loops, but it works adequately for the current needs.

5. Zig Updates: The latest Zig version (0.15.2) introduced changes to the INFLATE API related to asynchronous I/O, but the author’s code is based on an older version.

6. Performance Considerations: For simplicity, the code avoids complex updates but could use lock-free atomics to display running statistics.

7. Bit Representation: The text explains that the "first bit" refers to the least significant bit of the first byte, with a note on the confusing bit arrangement in the DEFLATE specification.

8. Decompression Limits: The decompressor may not process the full 120GB of data if it encounters errors, indicating that this is an upper limit rather than a guarantee of full data processing.

Micro.blog has introduced a new video hosting plan called "Studio," aimed at providing an independent alternative to YouTube. Founded by Manton Reece in 2017, Micro.blog originally focused on blogging but has expanded its features over the years to include podcast hosting, website bookmarking, social media crossposting, and more—all under your own domain.

The new Studio plan allows users to upload videos up to 20 minutes long and automatically share them on platforms like PeerTube and Bluesky. Reece's goal is to reduce the reliance on centralized platforms like YouTube, promoting ownership of content on the open web.

Micro.blog follows a "Publish on Your Site, Syndicate Elsewhere" (POSSE) model, meaning users can maintain control over their content while still reaching audiences on various social networks. The Studio plan is seen as an exciting step toward becoming an indie-focused alternative for video content.

Some suggestions for improvement include offering video hosting at various lengths across different pricing tiers and supporting 4K video resolution. Overall, Micro.blog aims to enhance user experience by prioritizing control and flexibility over content sharing without the constraints of algorithms typical on larger platforms.

No summary available.

No summary available.

Waymo, the self-driving car company that originated from Google's project, is expanding its robotaxi service to include freeway rides in San Francisco, Phoenix, and Los Angeles. This new feature, which the company claims can cut ride times by up to 50%, aims to attract more users, especially those commuting between suburbs and cities.

Initially, not all riders will have access to freeway rides; they can express their preference in the Waymo app to potentially get matched with a freeway trip. The service area has also grown to include San Jose, creating a 260-mile service network and offering curbside service at the San Jose airport.

Waymo's co-CEO emphasized the complexity of mastering freeway driving for fully autonomous vehicles, highlighting the importance of safety and reliability. The company has conducted extensive testing, including closed courses and simulations, to prepare for the challenges of freeway driving. Additionally, Waymo has improved its protocols for coordinating with safety officials as it begins operating on freeways.

Researchers at Penn State have developed a new way to use streetlights as electric vehicle (EV) chargers, which could provide a more affordable and accessible charging option. This approach is especially beneficial for people living in apartments or urban areas, where traditional charging stations are often lacking.

The researchers tested 23 streetlight charging units in Kansas City, MO, and found that these stations are cheaper, more efficient, and have less environmental impact compared to standard EV chargers. Streetlights are already powered and strategically located near parking areas, making them an ideal choice for charging stations.

The project faced challenges, particularly in predicting where the chargers would be in high demand, as they needed to select the best locations out of over 10,000 streetlights available. To make these predictions, they used machine learning models trained on a decade's worth of charging data from existing EV chargers in the city.

Overall, this innovative solution aims to enhance EV accessibility, encouraging more people to adopt electric vehicles. Further research is planned to explore how weather impacts charging behavior and to analyze socioeconomic factors influencing EV ownership.

Summary of Tetrahedral Analog of the Pythagorean Theorem

This text discusses a geometric principle known as De Gua's theorem, which relates to tetrahedra. A tetrahedron has four triangular faces, and when three faces meet at a right angle, the theorem states that the area of the remaining face (A0) can be calculated with the formula:

A0² = A1² + A2² + A3²,

where A1, A2, and A3 are the areas of the three triangular faces.

The author illustrates this concept using Python code to compute the areas, confirming that the theorem holds true.

The text also explores whether De Gua's theorem can apply to higher dimensions, suggesting that it does. For a 4-simplex (a four-dimensional equivalent) with one vertex at the corner of a hypercube, the relationship becomes:

V0² = V1² + V2² + V3² + V4²,

where V0 is the volume of the tetrahedron formed by excluding one vertex, and V1, V2, V3, and V4 are the volumes of tetrahedra formed by excluding the other vertices.

The author provides Python code to calculate the volumes of these tetrahedra, noting that numerical precision can be an issue due to the limitations of floating-point arithmetic. Despite calculations yielding a very small error, the theorem holds true in principle.

No summary available.

Summary of N-Key Rollover (NKRO) and Key Press Registration

N-Key Rollover (NKRO):

• NKRO refers to the maximum number of keys a keyboard can register when pressed at the same time.
• 6-Key Rollover: Allows up to 6 keys to be pressed simultaneously.
• Full NKRO: The keyboard can detect any number of keys pressed at once.

Key Ghosting:

• Ghosting occurs when multiple keys are pressed, but the keyboard registers an incorrect key.

Anti-Ghosting Technology:

• Some gaming keyboards, like the Microsoft Sidewinder, use anti-ghosting tech to allow multiple key presses without ghosting, though it may not be true NKRO.
• For example, the Sidewinder X4 can register up to 26 keys at once (including modifiers and macros).

Testing Key Registration:

• To test how many keys your keyboard can register, you can hold down both Shift keys and press other keys to see if they register correctly.

Keyboard Design:

• Keyboards often use a grid layout to save costs, connecting rows and columns to detect key presses.
• This design can lead to ghosting issues when multiple keys in the same row or column are pressed.

USB vs. PS/2 Connectors:

• USB keyboards typically only detect up to 6 simultaneous key presses due to default settings.
• PS/2 keyboards can detect any number of simultaneous key presses.

Who Needs Full NKRO?:

• Stenographers, braille users, and gamers often require keyboards that can register multiple key presses simultaneously.

Gaming Needs:

• Gamers frequently press multiple keys at once for movement and actions, making NKRO important for a better gaming experience.

In summary, understanding NKRO and anti-ghosting is crucial for users who need to press multiple keys simultaneously, particularly in gaming, typing, and accessibility contexts.

Summary of Tangent Space in Normal Mapping

Tangent space is a crucial concept in computer graphics, particularly for normal mapping, which enhances lighting and surface detail on 3D models. It acts as a local coordinate system at each point on a surface, connecting flat texture coordinates (UVs) to the curved geometry of 3D surfaces.

Key Points:

1. Definition: Tangent space is not a global coordinate system but a local frame created at each point on a surface, consisting of a tangent plane defined by a normal vector and two perpendicular tangent vectors.

2. Role of UVs: UV coordinates map texture data to a 3D surface, determining how movements in texture space relate to movements on the surface. This mapping defines how the tangent space is oriented.

3. Constructing Tangent Space: To build the tangent space, tangent vectors are derived from the UV mapping. These vectors are adjusted to ensure they are perpendicular and normalized, forming an orthonormal basis.

4. Normal Mapping: Normal maps store surface orientations as colors, allowing for fine details on low-resolution meshes. Each texel in a normal map translates to a normal direction in tangent space.

5. Implementation: In shaders, the tangent frame is reconstructed using vertex attributes, allowing the normal directions from the normal map to be transformed into the correct coordinate frame for accurate lighting.

6. Importance: Properly constructed tangent space ensures that lighting and textures align correctly on the surface, bringing low-polygon models to life and making them appear more detailed.

Overall, understanding tangent space is essential for achieving realistic shading and surface detail in 3D graphics. It serves as the foundation for various advanced techniques beyond normal mapping.

The author reflects on the tragic death of their father, who suffered a heart attack shortly after his 57th birthday. The father experienced severe chest pain and asked for an ambulance, but it took 30 minutes for one to arrive. During this time, the family decided to drive him to the hospital themselves. Unfortunately, he died just steps from the emergency room.

The author expresses confusion and frustration over the emergency response system, feeling that they were misled about the reliability of calling an ambulance. They emphasize that this kind of delay can happen frequently, and they are left with the painful realization that their father's death could have been prevented if they had known to drive him themselves sooner. The author grapples with feelings of guilt and the inadequacies of the healthcare system that contributed to their father's death.

The article discusses strategies for managing emails using the Archive and Delete functions. It highlights that Gmail encourages users to "archive everything" due to its large storage capacity. The author, who primarily archives emails, contrasts their method with another person's approach of deleting most emails after use.

The key strategies mentioned are:

1. Archive Everything: Keeping all emails for future reference.
2. Delete Almost Everything: Keeping only essential emails to maintain a clean inbox.
3. Baby Bear Strategy: A balanced approach where you archive emails you think might be useful and delete those you believe are useless.

The author expresses interest in trying the Baby Bear strategy, as they find their current archive cluttered. Several commenters support this balanced approach, noting it helps simplify email management.

No summary available.

The text discusses building a CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment) pipeline runner from scratch using Python. The author reflects on their experience with existing CI/CD tools like GitLab CI and GitHub Actions, noting that they often viewed them as just configuration files without understanding their inner workings. When faced with a need to create a custom solution for an air-gapped environment (one without internet access), the author set out to build a pipeline runner.

Key Points:

1. Understanding CI/CD Pipelines: A CI/CD pipeline automates the process of moving code from commitment to deployment, consisting of stages like build, test, and deploy.

2. Pipeline Runner Definition: A pipeline runner orchestrates the execution of jobs in isolated environments, managing job execution order, dependencies, and artifact handling.

3. Building the Runner: The author describes several versions of the pipeline runner:

   • Version 1: Executes a single job in a Docker container.
   • Version 2: Adds support for multi-stage pipelines, executing jobs in sequential order.
   • Version 3: Introduces parallel execution of jobs within the same stage.
   • Version 4: Implements job dependencies and artifact passing between jobs.
   • Version 5: Adds production-ready features like environment variable substitution, branch filtering, and timeout handling.

4. Testing the Pipeline: The author provides examples of how to create a pipeline configuration file (pipeline.yml) and run tests, demonstrating various features like dependency management and artifact passing.

5. Comparison to Production Runners: While the custom runner covers essential CI/CD functionalities, it lacks advanced features found in production tools, such as distributed execution, caching, and a user interface.

6. Architecture: The runner consists of components for configuration parsing, dependency resolution, job scheduling, and job execution.

7. Real-World Applications: The runner can be used for local CI/CD testing, in air-gapped environments, and as a learning tool to understand CI/CD concepts better.

8. Future Enhancements: Suggestions for further improvements include adding caching mechanisms, building a web UI, and implementing distributed execution.

Overall, the text serves as both a technical guide for building a CI/CD pipeline runner and an educational resource to understand the principles underlying CI/CD tools.

A new small nuclear power station will be built at Wylfa in Anglesey, north Wales, marking the UK's first facility of its kind. The project is expected to create up to 3,000 jobs and attract billions in investment. Construction will start next year, aiming to generate power by the mid-2030s. The plant will feature three small modular reactors (SMRs) and has backing from a £2.5 billion government investment.

Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer emphasized the importance of this development for the region, while Wales' First Minister Eluned Morgan expressed support for its potential benefits. The SMRs are smaller and easier to build than traditional reactors, but critics argue they produce less power and call for a stronger focus on renewable energy sources.

The project has some opposition, with concerns about nuclear waste storage and the viability of the technology. The UK government sees SMRs as a key part of the country's energy strategy, aiming for energy independence and job creation.

The text is asking someone about their current projects and if they have any new ideas they are considering.

No summary available.

No summary available.

Jack's article, dated August 18, 2025, introduces stickertop.art, a collection of laptops decorated with creative stickers from around the globe. The project highlights the art of personalizing laptops, where each sticker represents a story and shows the owner's personality.

Gerbil is an open-source app I’ve been developing for a few months. The main features are complete, and I will focus on fixing bugs, adding small improvements, and updating dependencies. It uses llama.cpp (via koboldcpp) and works well with popular frontends like Open WebUI, SillyTavern, ComfyUI, StableUI, and KoboldAI Lite. I created Gerbil to provide an all-in-one solution for managing local text and image generation with LLMs, as I was tired of juggling multiple tools. Additionally, I wanted it to look and function well on my Linux Wayland system.

Summary: How arch-delta Saves 80+% Of Bandwidth On Upgrades

Arch-delta is a project that significantly reduces the bandwidth needed for upgrading Arch Linux installations by about 84% by only downloading the differences between package versions, rather than the entire packages.

Key Points:

1. Background: Arch Linux's previous delta upgrade feature was discontinued in 2019 due to security issues and low usage. A user, frustrated by slow internet speeds, began developing a replacement in 2023.

2. Technology: Arch-delta uses the ddelta algorithm, which is more efficient than the previous xdelta3. It generates deltas on demand, ensuring a high success rate, although it may take longer for the first request.

3. System Design: The server handles requests for deltas, retrieves packages from standard mirrors, computes deltas, and serves them to clients. It caches data to optimize resource use.

4. Client Functionality: The client checks for new packages, requests deltas, and patches the packages while providing a user-friendly interface that includes progress indicators.

5. Concurrency: The project uses asynchronous programming to maximize efficiency, although the developer faced challenges with memory management and debugging.

6. User Experience: The client provides detailed progress updates and handles errors gracefully. It includes a feature to download database updates using a similar delta approach, saving significant bandwidth.

7. Future Improvements: The developer plans to enhance the system further, including better estimation of download times and addressing some existing technical challenges.

Overall, arch-delta offers a more efficient way to manage package upgrades in Arch Linux, particularly beneficial for users with limited bandwidth.

Transmeta, known for its $273 million IPO on November 7, 2000, is often considered the last significant IPO of the dotcom era, preceding Google's IPO in 2004. Although a hardware company focused on CPUs, Transmeta aimed to sell to dotcoms, but their plans failed. The company introduced two CPUs, Crusoe and Efficieon, but struggled to compete with giants like Intel and AMD due to performance issues.

After failing to gain traction, Transmeta shifted its strategy in 2005 to licensing intellectual property instead of manufacturing CPUs. In 2009, they were sold to Novafora, which soon went out of business. Today, Transmeta's hardware is rare and collectible, but not many people are nostalgic for it. Overall, Transmeta's story reflects the decline of dotcom-era technology investments.

Summary:

The ElevenLabs Iconic Marketplace offers a platform where creators can license AI voices of famous historical figures for various projects. This includes iconic personalities from entertainment, sports, and history, such as Judy Garland, Lana Turner, Alan Turing, and Mark Twain.

Key Features:

• Diverse Voices: A collection of legendary voices is available for licensing, ideal for enhancing creative projects.
• Commercial Rights: Each licensing agreement includes commercial use rights, allowing for storytelling across different media.
• Easy Process: Creators can easily browse available voices, submit requests, and connect with rights holders to discuss terms.

Licensing Process:

1. Browse Voices: Explore the catalog of iconic figures.
2. Submit a Request: Choose a voice and provide project details.
3. Approval & Agreement: The rights holder reviews and approves requests, leading to a licensing agreement.
4. Production & Delivery: Upon finalization, ElevenLabs assists in delivering the project.

The marketplace supports a wide range of projects, including films, advertisements, gaming, audiobooks, and educational content. To start licensing a voice, users can visit the Iconic Marketplace online.

My cofounder and I have a startup focused on cancer genomics. I discovered a new method from complexity theory that allows us to run bioinformatics algorithms using much less RAM. I developed a Rust engine that processes whole-genome data using less than 100MB of RAM. While it takes a bit longer to run (O(TlogT) instead of O(T)), this approach makes it possible to analyze whole genomes on regular computers.

Summary: Simulating a Planet on the GPU: Part 1

The author expresses nostalgia for the game Sim Earth and the desire for a modern version, which hasn't been made despite advances in technology. Instead of waiting for a sequel, the author has dedicated significant time to create a new planet simulation project.

Initially, the author experimented with generating realistic worlds using polygons, but found it challenging to accurately simulate tectonic plate movements due to performance issues. They shifted to using C++ and tried different approaches, including optimizing performance in Unity, but still encountered limitations.

The breakthrough came when the author explored compute shaders, which allow for parallel processing on the GPU. This enabled simulations of tectonic plates interacting, although they struggled with realistic deformation.

Inspired by a physical simulation involving sand, the author turned to Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) to simulate crust material that could form mountains and valleys. The process of implementing SPH was complex and time-consuming, but the author learned valuable lessons about performance.

Looking ahead, the author plans to add features like current maps, air currents, precipitation effects, and geological formations to improve the simulation. They aim to create a comprehensive planetary simulation and will share updates in future blog posts.

The text discusses the evolving importance of indoor plumbing versus the Internet over the years, referencing Robert Gordon's original question in 2000 about which one people would prefer. Initially, in 2000, the author agreed with Gordon that indoor plumbing was more essential. However, personal experiences without plumbing contrasted with limited Internet use showed that life could still be manageable without the Internet.

By 2005, the author's perspective shifted as Internet access became more integrated into daily life, leading to increased online shopping, educational dependence on the Internet, and greater connectivity. By 2010, even in poorer regions, people prioritized cell phones and Internet access over basic amenities like toilets, indicating a global shift in values.

By 2015, the Internet had become a necessity, with many people, including the homeless, valuing smartphones over other needs. The text asserts that by 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the Internet's vital role in everyday life, ultimately rendering the plumbing versus Internet debate obsolete by 2025. The conclusion is that the Internet is now indispensable for a modern lifestyle.

Barclays Bank has downgraded Oracle's debt rating to "Underweight," highlighting concerns about the company's massive capital expenditures for AI data center construction, which exceed its free cash flow capabilities. Oracle's debt-to-equity ratio is a staggering 500%, the highest among major tech firms, leading Barclays to predict that Oracle's credit rating could fall to BBB-, nearing junk bond territory.

The report warns that Oracle may run out of cash by November 2026, forcing it to rely heavily on external financing. The overall hyperscale supplier industry is facing similar pressures, with many companies issuing large amounts of debt to support AI initiatives, which is straining credit markets.

Barclays noted that the costs of building AI data centers are significantly higher than traditional ones, with some estimates reaching $50 to $60 billion per gigawatt. Major tech companies are increasing their capital expenditure forecasts, further complicating the funding landscape.

Oracle stands out as the weakest player in this space, with negative free cash flow and the highest debt-to-equity ratio. In contrast, competitors like Meta, Google, Amazon, and Microsoft maintain much healthier cash positions, allowing them greater flexibility in financing.

Overall, the report suggests that Oracle's financial difficulties may lead to increased borrowing and a negative outlook for its bonds, particularly as its growth relies heavily on financing agreements with partners like OpenAI.