The London–Calcutta bus service was an international bus route that operated from 1957 to 1976, covering approximately 10,000 miles (16,000 km) one way. It was considered the longest bus route in the world at that time, taking about 50 days for a single journey from London, through several countries, to Calcutta, India. The bus passed through Belgium, West Germany, Austria, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

The service was run by Albert Travel and included travel, meals, and accommodation in the ticket price, which started at £85 in 1957 (about £2,589 today). The service was popular during the 1960s and 1970s, particularly among travelers on the Hippie Trail.

Facilities on the bus included sleeping bunks, a kitchen, and a lounge area. Passengers could also stop for sightseeing in places like the Taj Mahal.

The service ended in 1976 due to increased political instability in the Middle East, making the route unsafe. Although the bus was involved in an accident and later transformed into a mobile home, it completed about 15 trips before ceasing operations permanently.

The text discusses a study on "cultural cognition," which is how people's group identities influence their understanding of facts, particularly in legal contexts. The researchers conducted an experiment where participants watched a video of a protest. Depending on the context—abortion protests versus military policy protests—participants had differing perceptions about the actions of the protestors, even when they were in the same experimental group. This division reflected their cultural beliefs, leading to conflicting views on whether the protest obstructed public space or threatened safety.

The researchers argue that this phenomenon, termed "cognitive illiberalism," poses a threat to constitutional ideals by skewing perceptions of legal protections for speech versus conduct. They emphasize that legal decision-makers must remain neutral, as biases can undermine the principles of free speech and fair governance. The study's findings highlight the need to incorporate psychological insights into constitutional law to ensure that legal standards are applied fairly and do not favor one cultural perspective over another. The text outlines the implications of these results for understanding and upholding constitutional rights in a diverse society.

The text is an introduction to a mathematics book for computer science, authored by Eric Lehman, F. Thomson Leighton, and Albert R. Meyer. It covers various topics, structured into sections that include proofs, logical formulas, mathematical data types, induction, state machines, recursive data types, infinite sets, number theory, directed graphs, communication networks, and more. Each section contains detailed subtopics addressing essential concepts in mathematics and computer science, such as proofs, induction methods, graph theory, probability, and recurrences. The book aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of mathematical principles crucial for computer science. It is available under a Creative Commons license, promoting sharing and adaptation.

On February 14, 2014, a nuclear waste facility near Carlsbad, New Mexico, detected a release of radioactive materials into the environment. This incident was caused by a breached container of nuclear waste, leading to contamination and the activation of safety systems. The cause was traced back to a mistake made during the repackaging of waste at the Los Alamos National Laboratory; incorrect absorbent material (organic cat litter instead of inorganic zeolite) was used, creating a dangerous chemical reaction.

The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) was designed to safely store nuclear waste deep underground in salt formations, which help shield the environment from radiation. However, this incident resulted in significant damage and a lengthy cleanup process, costing around half a billion dollars and leading to the facility's closure for nearly three years.

The event highlights the complexities and risks associated with handling nuclear materials and emphasizes the importance of clear communication and adherence to safety protocols. The incident serves as a reminder of the lasting dangers posed by nuclear waste, which will remain hazardous for generations.

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Summary of Sopro TTS

Sopro is a lightweight English text-to-speech (TTS) model designed by Samuel Vitorino. It uses dilated convolutions and cross-attention layers, rather than the traditional Transformer architecture. Although it isn't the best in all scenarios, it is an interesting low-budget project trained on a single GPU. Key features include:

• 169 million parameters
• Streaming capability
• Zero-shot voice cloning
• Fast performance (0.25 real-time factor on CPU)

Installation Instructions:

1. You can install Sopro easily using Python's package manager:
   • From PyPI: pip install sopro
   • From the repository:

     git clone https://github.com/samuel-vitorino/sopro
     cd sopro
     pip install -e .
     

Usage Examples:

• Command Line Interface (CLI): You can generate audio from text and use reference audio for voice cloning.
• Python Code:
  • Non-streaming and streaming examples are provided for synthesizing audio.

Interactive Demo: You can run a local demo by installing additional requirements and using a web server.

Important Notes:

• Voice cloning results can vary based on microphone quality and noise.
• Use phonetic representations instead of abbreviations for better accuracy.
• Streaming audio may not match the quality of non-streaming.
• The training dataset included various sources like LibriTTS and Mozilla Common Voice.

Samuel aims to improve the model in the future and support more languages. If you appreciate the project, donations are welcome to help fund further development.

Summary of Embassy Framework

Embassy is a modern framework designed for developing embedded applications using the Rust programming language. It enables faster, safer, and more energy-efficient coding through its async features and libraries.

Key Features:

1. Rust Programming Language: Rust is fast and memory-efficient, preventing many bugs before the code runs. It uses async/await for easy multitasking without the need for complex memory management.

2. Hardware Abstraction Layers (HALs): Embassy provides safe APIs to access hardware without needing to manipulate raw registers. It supports various microcontrollers, including STM32, Nordic nRF, Raspberry Pi RP2040, and more.

3. Time Management: The framework simplifies time handling with built-in types that avoid issues like timer overflows.

4. Real-Time and Low-Power: Tasks can have different priorities, and the framework can put the system to sleep when idle, conserving battery life.

5. Networking and Bluetooth: Embassy includes a network stack for protocols like TCP and UDP, and supports Bluetooth Low Energy for compatible microcontrollers.

6. Additional Features: It includes support for LoRa, USB device communication, and a lightweight bootloader for firmware updates.

Examples and Usage: The framework provides example codes for various microcontrollers to help users get started. It requires Rust 1.75 or newer and can be developed using editors like Visual Studio Code.

Licensing: Embassy is available under the Apache 2.0 or MIT licenses.

Embassy aims to make embedded programming simpler and more efficient, leveraging Rust's capabilities for safer and faster applications.

Summary of WebAssembly Overview

WebAssembly (Wasm) is a new programming language that has real-world applications, such as in gaming, image processing, and web development. Notable examples include:

• Godot: Builds web games using Wasm.
• Figma: Converts C++ code for web use.
• Ruffle: Runs a Flash emulator in the browser.

However, there are not yet major websites built entirely with Wasm, leading to questions about its impact.

What Is WebAssembly?

Wasm is a language designed for efficient execution in browsers. It's often compared to assembly language but is higher level, allowing better portability across platforms.

Speed and Efficiency

The speed of Wasm depends on the engine that runs it, similar to JavaScript. It is useful for efficiently mapping to modern hardware, offering near-native performance based on the constructs of the language.

Compilation Target

Many programming languages (like Rust, C, and Go) can compile to Wasm. This allows developers to create applications that run across different platforms without needing specific hardware.

Security Features

Wasm has strong security features, such as a minimal attack surface and process-like isolation. This enables safe execution of untrusted code, which is beneficial for applications like Figma and Cloudflare.

Portability and Use Cases

Wasm enhances portability, allowing various programming languages to be used in environments typically dominated by JavaScript. This flexibility supports a wide range of applications, from image processing to databases.

Performance Considerations

While Wasm runs in browsers similarly to JavaScript, its performance can be limited by factors like memory management and execution boundaries. However, it is generally "fast enough" for most applications.

Ongoing Development

WebAssembly is evolving quickly, with many new features being proposed and adopted. The community is divided on the pace of this development, with some fearing missteps in standardization.

In conclusion, while Wasm may not yet be widely visible in everyday applications, it is making substantial progress in the background, primarily among library authors rather than end users.

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Summary of "Jeff Dean Facts"

The "Jeff Dean Facts" are humorous jokes about Jeff Dean, a renowned Google engineer, similar to Chuck Norris jokes. They highlight his exceptional coding skills and mythical abilities. The repository contains various jokes collected from different sources to preserve them.

Key Points:

• Jeff Dean is humorously credited with extraordinary feats in programming, such as solving complex problems effortlessly, having unique coding skills, and performing coding tasks with incredible speed.
• Some notable jokes include:
  • He once solved all NP problems in polynomial time.
  • He can compile and run his code before submitting it to check for bugs.
  • His code runs so efficiently that it doesn't produce errors as normal code would.
• The collection also includes jokes about his legendary work ethic and mythical status in the programming community.
• The jokes serve to celebrate Jeff Dean's impact on the tech world and programmer culture.

The jokes were compiled from various sources, including a Quora post, and aim to entertain while showcasing Jeff Dean's impressive reputation in the tech industry.

The text describes a new open-source tool that allows users to run Markdown files like shell scripts using a shebang line. This tool works with Claude Code, enabling full input and output support. Users can create Markdown files that not only provide prompts but also execute shell commands, write scripts, read files, and make API calls.

Key features include:

1. Markdown as Scripts: Users can create executable Markdown files that perform tasks, such as analyzing code or running tests.

2. Chaining and Combining: The tool allows users to chain Markdown scripts together or mix them with traditional shell scripts, making it flexible and powerful.

3. Auditable and Shareable: Markdown scripts are easier to read and verify compared to traditional shell scripts, making them more auditable.

4. Broader Applications: This approach can replace complex Python code and can be used for tasks like automated installations, making scripts more accessible.

The tool currently works with Claude Code but aims to support other AI coding tools in the future. Users can also route scripts through different cloud providers for billing purposes.

The author encourages feedback on potential workflows for this tool. The project is available on GitHub.

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Barry Webb, a photographer, has gained recognition for his stunning close-up images of slime mould, a unique single-celled organism. His work won the people's choice award in the macro category at the British Photography Awards 2025. Using a high-powered macro lens, Barry captures details of slime moulds that are invisible to the naked eye, showcasing their structures in various environments, from forests to deserts.

Barry, who is also a gardener, became fascinated with slime mould during the Covid lockdown. He explains that slime moulds are neither fungi nor plants, but more closely related to amoebas. His photos highlight the brightly colored fruiting bodies of these organisms, which play an essential role in the ecosystem by feeding on bacteria and fungi.

To photograph slime mould, Barry employs a technique called focus bracketing, taking multiple photos to ensure clarity. This process has been simplified with modern technology, allowing him to create detailed composite images. Overall, Barry's work not only reveals the beauty of slime mould but also emphasizes its significance in nature and science.

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Summary: AI Coding Assistants Are Getting Worse

In a recent article, Jamie Twiss discusses how newer AI coding assistants are becoming less reliable. Despite advancements, these models are increasingly experiencing silent failures—problems that occur without any obvious signs. Twiss, who has a background in banking and data science, highlights the concerns surrounding the effectiveness of these AI tools in coding tasks.

Amjad Masad, the founder of the AI coding startup Replit, has faced backlash for his outspoken views on the Israel-Palestine conflict, particularly after the Hamas attack on Israel in October 2023. Despite being labeled a "terrorist sympathizer" in Silicon Valley, his company has thrived, recently reaching a valuation of $3 billion.

Masad, a Palestinian, has been vocal about his support for Palestine, which led to a decline in his professional relationships and opportunities in Silicon Valley. However, as the AI boom took off and Replit launched a new AI coding agent, the company's fortunes reversed, attracting significant investment and partnerships, including from Saudi Arabia.

Masad sees his success as a means to advocate for Palestine and inspire others in the tech community. He remains committed to his beliefs, refusing to compromise his stance despite the potential business risks. Now, with growing public support for Palestine within the tech industry, Masad is positioned to leverage his success for greater influence. He aims to make coding accessible to everyone, believing that wealth will empower him to effect real change for Palestine in the future.

Summary of 1ML for Non-Specialists: Introduction

1ML is a type system created by Andreas Rossberg, aimed at integrating an ML-style module system into new programming languages. It is seen as one of the best options available, despite its complexities and technical papers that can be hard to understand.

The author has been studying 1ML for several months and is developing a prototype implementation. This series of articles aims to simplify the concepts of 1ML for broader understanding, serving as a companion to Rossberg's original paper, which is highly recommended for readers.

Prerequisites for Readers:

• Basic knowledge of inference rules and type systems.
• Familiarity with OCaml or Standard ML from a user perspective.
• Understanding of 1ML's design goals is helpful.

Goals of the Series:

• Help readers grasp all inference rules, especially those from the type inference algorithm.
• Discuss practical implementation concerns not covered in the paper.

Key Concepts:

• 1ML is essentially a more user-friendly version of System Fω, which is a core type system for Haskell.
• The translation from 1ML types and terms to Fω types and terms is crucial but will be explained in later articles.
• The series will address specific technical aspects, such as the ordering of record fields and the significance of certain type constructs.

Implementation Notes:

• The author suggests not to create separate data types for small and large types but to manage types through invariants.
• There is a recommendation to model some constructs directly for clearer implementation.

In conclusion, the series will break down the complexities of 1ML, making it more accessible while encouraging readers to refer to the original paper for deeper insights. Subsequent articles will dive into the surface syntax of 1ML and other foundational concepts.

Summary of "Why I Left iNaturalist"

On January 6, 2026, a co-founder of iNaturalist announced their departure after nearly 18 years, citing dissatisfaction with the current leadership's direction and management style. They felt that the leadership was not effectively utilizing their talented staff and lacked empathy.

Key Points:

1. Background: The co-founder helped create iNaturalist after moving to the San Francisco Bay Area in 2003. They initially formed the project with fellow students, and over time, they transitioned from a casual project to a non-profit organization.

2. Leadership Issues: The co-founder expressed frustration with the leadership's failure to listen to team feedback, particularly concerning the development of a new mobile app. They felt that decisions were being made without proper consultation, leading to disempowerment among staff.

3. Product Direction: There was a fundamental disagreement on product strategy. The co-founder believed that different products should cater to different user needs, while leadership aimed for a single product to serve all users, which they found ineffective.

4. Staff Turnover: A significant portion of the staff left the organization, partly due to a buyout offer made by leadership, which indicated a lack of engagement with employee concerns.

5. Future Plans: The co-founder intends to continue working on natural history software independently and is seeking support through platforms like Patreon. They hope to develop tools that better serve the community's needs.

6. Call for Change: They urged for changes in leadership and the board of directors to improve oversight and responsiveness to staff and users. They encouraged users to continue contributing to iNaturalist while also exploring alternative platforms to ensure the community's needs are met.

In conclusion, the co-founder's departure reflects deep concerns about leadership, product strategy, and staff management at iNaturalist, emphasizing the need for significant organizational change.

Frederick the Great, an 18th-century ruler of Prussia, famously said that a dog is a person's most loyal friend in a selfish world, as it will never betray or deny them.

Volunteers in Ogmore-by-Sea, Wales, have found over 400 Victorian-era black leather boots on the beach while cleaning rock pools. The shoes, which date back to the 19th century, are believed to have come from a cargo ship that sank about 150 years ago after hitting a rock called Tusker Rock. This ship, carrying shoes among other cargo, may have released them into the Ogmore River, where they occasionally wash up on the shore due to riverbank erosion.

The boots vary in style, and many are in good condition. Residents are intrigued by this mystery, as some have shared their own discoveries of shoes over the years. The finds serve as reminders of history, sparking curiosity and stories about their origin. Similar historic footwear discoveries have been made in other parts of the world, highlighting the connection between past and present.

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Contact Information:

• Division: Public Relations
• University: Tokyo University of Science
• Email: [email protected]
• Address: 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan

The creators of Tailwind have laid off 75% of their engineering team. This news has sparked a lot of discussion, as seen in the 810 comments on the related link.

In 2025, a copy of UNIX v4 was discovered, allowing enthusiasts to run it on a PDP-11 simulator. This version of UNIX, rewritten in C, includes the source code for its core utilities. While examining the su (substitute user) program, a security bug was found: it has a buffer overflow issue due to a lack of bounds checking on the password input, allowing users to crash the program by entering too many characters.

The su program retrieves the root password, prompts the user for input, and compares it to the stored hash. However, if the input exceeds 100 bytes, it can overwrite adjacent memory, leading to a crash. To fix this, the author modified the source code to include a counter that checks the input length against the buffer size before reading further.

Using the ed text editor, the author added this boundary check, compiled the modified code, and deployed the updated program, ensuring it could run with the necessary root privileges.

Overall, the process of fixing the su program illustrates the flexibility of UNIX's design, which includes source code and a compiler, allowing for straightforward modifications. The author notes that while security was less prioritized in 1973, the discovery of this bug serves as a reminder of the evolution of security practices in software development.

The website is checking your browser for security reasons. If you own the website and need to resolve an issue, there is a link provided for you to click.

I created a macOS menu bar app to monitor Claude usage in real time through an API, as I frequently hit usage limits. The app is signed and notarized by Apple and is open source. You can find it on GitHub here. You can also follow me on X.

If you love sitting by the window on a plane, you might have noticed a small hole at the bottom of the window. This hole, known as a "bleed hole," is an important design feature. It helps balance the pressure between the cabin and the space between the window panes.

As planes fly at high altitudes, the pressure outside is much lower than inside the cabin, which is pressurized for passenger comfort. Early airplanes had square windows that could crack under pressure, leading to serious accidents. To fix this, designers created rounded windows and used three layers of strong acrylic instead of glass for added safety.

The bleed holes ensure that pressure changes do not stress the windows, especially during emergencies when quick descents happen. They also prevent fog or condensation between the panes, allowing passengers to enjoy clear views.

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Mike Duxbury, who has been blind since age six, has a passion for farming. Despite being told a career in agriculture was impossible for him, he earned a degree in animal nutrition and started a farm in Bedfordshire. Now, at 57, he is creating a new farm in Aberdeenshire designed to help young people with disabilities get involved in agriculture.

Using Lego, Mike designed a main building for the farm that includes a classroom and animal handling areas. The actual building, constructed by a local firm, has features that make it accessible, like widened paths and smooth flooring. The farm will have livestock, a polytunnel for horticulture, and plans for activities like a pumpkin patch.

Mike emphasizes that the farm is not a care facility but a place to offer opportunities and independence. He has already welcomed students, including a visually-impaired young man named William, who is actively participating in farm tasks. The project aims to demonstrate that individuals with disabilities can succeed in agriculture.

Fundraising is ongoing to support the farm, with community events helping to gather necessary funds. Mike believes this initiative will help many people and promote communication and teamwork in farming.

A "pole of inaccessibility" is the most difficult location to reach within a specific area, often referring to the farthest point from the nearest coastline. This concept can apply to landmasses, bodies of water, or other geographical features.

Northern Pole of Inaccessibility:

• Located in the Arctic Ocean, it is the point farthest from any land.
• Initially believed to be at specific coordinates, it was redefined using modern GPS technology in 2013.
• The current position is 1,008 kilometers from the nearest land, with no permanent structures due to moving ice.
• In September 2024, the French icebreaker Le Commandant Charcot became the first ship to reach this pole.

Southern Pole of Inaccessibility:

• This is the farthest point from the Southern Ocean on the Antarctic continent.
• Various coordinates exist due to challenges in defining the coastline, movement of ice, and survey accuracy.
• The most referenced location is near a former Soviet research station, about 1,301 kilometers from the South Pole.
• Recent studies suggest there are two poles depending on whether one considers the edge of floating ice shelves or the solid coastline.

A majority of EU member states have approved the Mercosur free trade agreement with South American countries, including Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. This agreement aims to create one of the world's largest free trade blocs by removing tariffs on over 90% of products, potentially saving EU businesses billions in duties.

Despite the majority support, some key EU countries like France and Italy have opposed the deal. French President Emmanuel Macron stated that the agreement is outdated and not supported by French political forces. In contrast, Germany has welcomed the deal, seeing it as a significant opportunity for its economy, which has faced stagnation.

Farmers in various EU countries have protested against the agreement, fearing it will lead to cheaper imports that threaten their livelihoods. They have organized demonstrations, including blocking roads with tractors. The deal still requires approval from the European Parliament before it can take effect.

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Summary of "Digital Red Queen: Adversarial Program Evolution in Core War with LLMs"

Core War is a programming game where "warriors," or assembly-like programs, compete to control a virtual computer by crashing each other. This study explores how large language models (LLMs) can evolve these warriors through a process called Digital Red Queen (DRQ), which simulates an ongoing arms race in programming.

Key Points:

1. Core War Basics: Players write warriors in a language called Redcode, which interact in a shared memory space. Warriors are designed to crash their opponents while keeping themselves operational.
2. Digital Red Queen (DRQ): This method uses LLMs to create a series of warriors that evolve to defeat previous versions, mimicking biological evolution. Each new warrior must adapt to survive against its predecessors.
3. Emergent Strategies: Over time, the warriors develop more robust strategies, showing convergent evolution where different programs develop similar successful behaviors despite different code.
4. Research Significance: This study provides insights into how AI systems may evolve in competitive environments, which could be applied to real-world challenges like cybersecurity.
5. Controlled Environment: Using Core War as a sandbox allows researchers to explore these dynamics safely without risks associated with real-world applications.

Overall, the research demonstrates that even simple self-play algorithms can lead to the discovery of complex and effective strategies in competitive programming. The findings may help inform future developments in AI and its applications across various fields.

This text discusses a presentation by security researcher Elise Amber Katze about exploiting vulnerabilities in the Tegra X2 system-on-chip, which is used in devices like the Magic Leap One headset and Tesla's Autopilot.

Key points include:

• The speaker shares their experience in hacking the secure boot process of the Magic Leap One and Tesla's Autopilot.
• They discovered vulnerabilities in the Fastboot implementation and the BootROM of the Tegra X2, which allow for unauthorized access and control.
• The talk covers techniques like fault injection and exploiting a USB recovery mode vulnerability, which is difficult but leads to high-level code execution.
• The speaker expresses concern about companies disabling functional devices to push newer models, creating e-waste.
• Elise has prior experience with hacking, including work on the Nintendo Switch.

Overall, the presentation highlights the security flaws in these devices and the ethical implications of device obsolescence.

The article argues that America must adopt electric technology or risk falling behind, particularly in manufacturing and the auto industry. It highlights Elon Musk as a key figure in this transition, as he has successfully built high-tech manufacturing companies like SpaceX and Tesla in the U.S., unlike other American companies.

Musk identified the importance of batteries, electric vehicles (EVs), and solar power early on, which China later focused on. The article emphasizes that electric technology is superior to combustion technology because it is more efficient and manageable. The rise of electric vehicles is accelerating globally, with sales increasing as people recognize their benefits, including lower maintenance costs and convenience.

However, the U.S. is lagging in the EV transition due to political decisions and misconceptions that frame EVs primarily as "green" technologies rather than as superior alternatives. As a result, American automakers are shifting back to gasoline vehicles, which threatens the nation's leadership in technology and defense, as the components used in EVs are essential across various industries.

The author warns that if America does not embrace the Electric Tech Stack, it risks losing its position as a global leader and allowing countries like China to dominate this crucial technological shift. The need for a change in perception and policy regarding electric technology is emphasized to maintain national and industrial strength.

Adrian is a Software Engineer with 6 years of experience in developing a geofence-based social media app. This app allows users to create custom geographic areas (perimeters) on a map to connect and chat with others within those areas. Although his earlier app failed to gain interest, Adrian has continued to develop new ideas and is now close to finishing a new app called ChatLocal, which features chat rooms based on user-defined perimeters.

The app is built using Java and includes a backend and Android app, utilizing tools like WildFly, PostgreSQL, and a Linux server. While ChatLocal is not yet complete, Adrian believes it could have a significant impact on society. He is seeking feedback on new ideas for the app and its potential value to users. Additionally, a previous app called LocalVideo, which includes many features of ChatLocal, is available for testing on the Google Play store.

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Flint, a company based in Singapore, has started producing biodegradable paper batteries made from cellulose. These batteries are eco-friendly, rechargeable, and free from harmful chemicals like PFAS. They are designed for consumer electronics and can function even when damaged. Flint is expanding its production capabilities and plans to showcase its products at CES 2026.

The company uses a unique manufacturing process that reduces reliance on traditional battery materials, aiming for a lower carbon footprint and better end-of-life options. Flint's production facility is designed for safety and scalability, allowing for efficient battery manufacturing.

In 2025, Flint gained significant recognition, including an award for sustainability at CES and partnerships with major tech companies like Logitech and Amazon. The company has also attracted investment to support its growth and is exploring further manufacturing opportunities in Europe.

At CES 2026, Flint will reveal its first commercial battery products and continue to develop next-generation battery technologies aimed at replacing outdated energy storage systems.

Summary of Iceberg A-23A's Journey

Iceberg A-23A, a large iceberg from Antarctica's Filchner Ice Shelf, broke off in 1986 and has been monitored for 40 years. Initially covering 4,000 square kilometers, it remained mostly anchored to the seafloor for nearly 30 years.

By 2020, changes in ocean currents started to move it, leading to significant breakups in late 2025 as it drifted into warmer waters. By January 2026, A-23A had shrunk to 1,182 square kilometers, still larger than New York City.

Recent satellite images showed the iceberg turning deep blue due to pools of meltwater on its surface. Signs of structural failure, such as cracks and water plumes, indicated that it was nearing the end of its life. Scientists expect A-23A to completely break apart within weeks, marking the conclusion of its long journey and providing valuable data on how large icebergs behave in a warming ocean.

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Summary

The text discusses an evaluation of various language models (LLMs) based on their responses to a series of non-task-based interactions, specifically using the word "tap" in different patterns. Instead of standard task-oriented testing, the author aimed to observe how LLMs react to stimuli that don’t involve direct questions or tasks.

Key Points:

1. Experiment Setup: The author tested ten LLMs by sending sequences of "tap" in various patterns (like Fibonacci, counting, etc.) to see how they would respond.

2. Model Behaviors: The LLMs displayed three main types of behavior:

   • Some abandoned their serious roles and engaged playfully.
   • Others remained serious and inquired about user intentions.
   • A few attempted to guess the nature of the interaction, with varying success.

3. Observations: Most models showed playful interaction, treating the taps as a game, while OpenAI's GPT 5.2 model was notably serious and mechanical, not engaging in guessing or playful responses.

4. Intelligence Insights: The ability of models to notice patterns and engage playfully may indicate a deeper level of intelligence beyond just following instructions. The author suggests that curiosity and the ability to recognize patterns could reflect intrinsic goals or interests of the models.

5. Conclusion: The experiment highlights that many LLMs incorporate a playful aspect in their design to engage users. The results provide insights into the models' intelligence, particularly their curiosity and pattern recognition abilities.

Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of exploring LLMs' behavior in less formal, more relaxed interactions to gain a better understanding of their capabilities.

This article explains how to train a neural network to play Tic-Tac-Toe using reinforcement learning in Jax. The process is not highly optimized but can train a model to play perfectly in about 15 seconds on a laptop.

Key Points:

1. Game Representation:

   • Tic-Tac-Toe is represented using a State dataclass in the PGX library:
     • current_player: Indicates whose turn it is (0 or 1).
     • observation: A boolean array showing the board state.
     • legal_action_mask: Indicates available moves.
     • rewards: Shows rewards for each player after a move.
     • terminated: Indicates if the game is over.

2. Playing Randomly:

   • A function to make random moves is implemented, allowing us to simulate random games to understand the game mechanics.

3. Deep Q Network (DQN):

   • A simple neural network architecture is set up to evaluate board positions. It outputs values for each space on the board to indicate the likelihood of winning.

4. Model Evaluation:

   • A statistics dataclass tracks the performance of the model against a random player, allowing us to see its win, tie, and loss ratios.

5. Training the Model:

   • The model uses temporal difference learning (TD-learning) to update its understanding of the game based on rewards received.
   • A loss function, specifically Huber loss, is used to train the model.
   • A target network is introduced to stabilize training by providing consistent values to learn against.

6. Epsilon-Greedy Sampling:

   • This method balances exploration (trying new moves) and exploitation (using known good moves) by sometimes selecting random actions.

7. Training Process:

   • A function runs through multiple games, collecting transitions and updating the neural network. The training process includes an adjustable learning rate and a decay for the epsilon value.

8. Results:

   • After training, the model consistently wins against random players, achieving nearly perfect play (over 94% wins) by the end of the training period.

The complete code for this process is available on GitHub and in a Colab notebook, though the latter runs slower. The approach is designed to be educational, focusing on the mechanics of reinforcement learning rather than on optimization.

Summary of "go.sum Is Not a Lockfile"

The author emphasizes that the file go.sum in Go modules is not a lockfile and should not be used for analyzing dependency graphs. Instead, it acts as a local cache of module versions and their cryptographic hashes, primarily for security purposes, ensuring that the same module content is shared across the ecosystem.

The key points are:

1. Purpose of go.sum: It helps secure the Go ecosystem by ensuring that module versions match their cryptographic checksums, but it does not affect how versions are resolved in builds.

2. Use go.mod Instead: The go.mod file is the important one to focus on as it lists all dependencies and their exact versions required for building the main module.

3. Differences with Other Ecosystems: Unlike many other programming languages that have both a manifest and a lockfile (which can complicate version resolution), Go uses go.mod for both roles, simplifying the process.

4. Automatic Dependency Management: Go commands allow for automatic updates to go.mod and can manage dependencies efficiently without creating conflicts.

In conclusion, the author advocates for understanding the role of go.mod as the central file for managing dependencies in Go, in contrast to the misleading role of go.sum.

Summary of pgX: Unifying Database and Application Monitoring for PostgreSQL

Modern software systems often face challenges due to the complex interactions between application performance, database behavior, and infrastructure. Traditionally, PostgreSQL monitoring has been done separately, which works for smaller systems but becomes problematic as they scale. This separation can lead to misunderstandings about performance issues, as engineers struggle to correlate data from different tools.

As systems grow, it becomes crucial to observe PostgreSQL not in isolation but as part of the overall system. This means integrating database metrics with application traces and infrastructure signals on the same timeline. When PostgreSQL is viewed in context with other components, engineers can better understand the causes of performance issues, leading to more effective troubleshooting and optimization.

The introduction of pgX aims to bridge this gap by providing a unified observability platform. pgX captures PostgreSQL data and integrates it with application and infrastructure metrics, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of system performance. This approach reduces the cognitive load on engineers, enabling them to focus on understanding system behavior rather than jumping between various dashboards.

In summary, pgX represents a significant shift in how PostgreSQL is monitored, emphasizing the need for integrated observability to enhance system understanding and operational efficiency as software infrastructures grow.

Routing statistics provide information about entries in the global routing table, which helps in understanding how data is directed across the internet. These statistics are important for analyzing network performance and making improvements.

The author reflects on their experience with getting hacked despite their background in tech and security awareness. They believed they were well-protected by using strong passwords, a password manager, and two-factor authentication. However, they fell victim to a hacking incident after installing a browser extension without considering its safety. This led to unauthorized posts on various social media accounts, including attempts to scam others.

Initially, the author didn't realize the connection between the suspicious activities and the compromised browser. After a series of incidents, they traced the issue back to the malicious extension that accessed their session tokens. In response, they took steps to secure their accounts, including changing passwords and uninstalling the browser and extensions.

Unfortunately, the damage was done: their TikTok account was permanently banned, and they faced delays with their X (formerly Twitter) account appeal. The experience taught the author valuable lessons about online security and the importance of being cautious when installing software.

Summary of MCP Overview

MCP (Multi-Connector Protocol) has become popular as a platform for AI integrations, but this trend may be short-lived. Its rise is fueled by misconceptions about its unique benefits and its ease of implementation for projects.

What is MCP?

• MCP aims to solve the "NxM problem," which arises when users need to connect multiple agents to various toolsets, requiring many custom connectors. However, MCP is not necessary for basic function calling, as this can be managed through existing APIs.

How MCP Works:

• MCP operates by managing tools through separate processes, which can simplify some aspects but also complicates resource management and error handling.

Key Issues with MCP:

1. Incoherent Toolbox: As the number of tools increases, agents struggle to use them effectively. Tools need to be well-organized to ensure coherent guidance.
2. Separate Runtimes: Each MCP server runs in its own process, leading to inefficiencies and potential resource issues.
3. Security Risks: MCP does not enforce authentication or security standards, leaving systems vulnerable.
4. Limited Benefits: The advantages of using MCP over conventional methods are minimal, as it mainly provides basic function call serialization.

Popularity Reasons:

• MCP is easy to implement, making it an attractive option for tool authors and enterprises seeking to enhance their AI credibility. Support from companies like Anthropic has also bolstered its reputation.

Alternatives to MCP:

• For technical users, local scripts and command runners offer a simpler, more effective way to share tools.
• Internal applications can benefit from first-party tools that integrate seamlessly with existing systems.
• Established formats like OpenAPI provide sufficient descriptions for integrating tools without the overhead of MCP.

Conclusion: MCP's current popularity is expected to decline as its limitations become more apparent and as better alternatives gain traction. The landscape of AI tool integration is evolving, and traditional development practices are likely to prevail.

The author is testing a new method of code review called commit-based review, which looks at each commit one by one instead of reviewing large pull requests (PRs). This approach aims to catch issues early while the context is still clear. It is designed to be simple and effective, focusing on important problems that can be missed over time. The goal is not to replace existing methods like continuous integration (CI) or PR reviews but to provide earlier feedback on potential issues related to risky changes, architectural consistency, and performance or security risks. The author is open to questions.

No summary available.

Project Patchouli Summary

Project Patchouli is an open-source project focused on creating an electro-magnetic drawing tablet. It includes hardware designs, such as a coil array and RF components, and offers low-latency pen input for custom projects. The project also provides detailed documentation on EMR technology, including how it works, circuit designs, and pen communication protocols.

Key Updates:

• January 2024: The project began.
• March 2024: A small-scale prototype was tested successfully.
• January 2025: Documentation was published on Read the Docs.

Project Leadership: Led by Yukidama.

Community Engagement:

• Contact the team at [email protected].
• Join their public Discord server.

Sponsorship: Funded by the NLnet Foundation NGI Zero Core Fund.

Licensing:

• Documentation and resources are under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.
• Hardware design is licensed under CERN-OHL-S.
• Code is licensed under GPLv3.

Note: The project is currently in active development.

Summary:

IBM's AI coding agent, named 'Bob', has a serious vulnerability that allows hackers to download and run malware without user consent. This happens when users set the command approval to 'always allow', which can be exploited through a method called prompt injection.

Bob operates through a command line interface (CLI) and an integrated development environment (IDE). The vulnerability can bypass built-in security measures, allowing attackers to execute dangerous commands disguised as benign ones. For example, a user might inadvertently approve a harmful command by previously allowing a harmless one.

The risks include the potential for ransomware attacks, credential theft, device takeovers, and more. IBM has acknowledged the dangers of auto-approving commands and recommends using strict command whitelists.

Additionally, the Bob IDE is also vulnerable to data theft through known methods, like rendering images that can log user data. These issues highlight significant security concerns that need to be addressed before IBM Bob is fully released.

Summary:

Better health starts with real food, not medication. The new Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasize whole, nutrient-rich foods. Currently, many Americans face health issues: 50% have prediabetes or diabetes, and 75% have at least one chronic condition, largely due to poor diets.

To combat this, the guidelines reject highly processed foods and promote a new food pyramid focused on real foods. Key components include:

1. Protein, Dairy, and Healthy Fats: Emphasize high-quality proteins (both animal and plant-based) and healthy fats from foods like eggs, seafood, and avocados.
2. Vegetables and Fruits: Eat a variety of fresh vegetables (3 servings a day) and fruits (2 servings a day) in their natural form.
3. Whole Grains: Prefer whole grains over refined carbohydrates, aiming for 2-4 servings of fiber-rich grains daily.

The new pyramid encourages eating real, minimally processed foods and avoiding added sugars. It is not a strict diet, but a flexible guide to help people make healthier choices while respecting personal and cultural preferences. Hydration with water or unsweetened drinks is also encouraged.

On January 2, 2026, a cybersecurity newsletter reported a routing leak involving the Venezuelan ISP CANTV (AS8048). This incident is part of a pattern, with eleven similar route leaks occurring since December. A route leak occurs when data takes an indirect path, potentially causing delays. In this case, CANTV improperly redistributed routes from one provider to another, likely due to weak routing policies rather than malicious intent.

The newsletter highlighted the technical aspects of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and described how CANTV's actions suggested a lack of proper export and import policies. Although the leak coincided with significant political events in Venezuela, evidence suggests it was not related to these events.

The report also noted that while CANTV's provider (Sparkle, AS6762) lacked complete route origin validation, this would not have prevented the leak, as the issue was related to the path taken, not the origin of the routes.

To enhance BGP security and avoid such leaks, the article emphasized the need for better routing validation methods, like the upcoming Autonomous System Provider Authorization (ASPA) standard and other mechanisms to improve routing practices. Overall, the incident illustrates the importance of robust routing policies to ensure a safer Internet.

The article discusses the importance of light, its effects, and how we perceive it. Here are the key points:

1. Nature of Light: Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation that allows us to see. Its effects can be observed in everyday life, especially through reflections and shadows.

2. Light Source Power: The power of a light source, measured in watts, determines how much energy (photons) it emits. Our perception of brightness changes non-linearly with this power.

3. Position and Distance: The brightness of a surface changes based on the light's angle and distance. The closer and more direct the light, the brighter the surface appears. This relationship is explained by the cosine factor and the inverse square law, which states that light intensity decreases with the square of the distance from the source.

4. Angles and Solid Angles: Objects appear smaller as they move away because they occupy a smaller part of our visual field. Angles can be measured in degrees or radians, and in three dimensions, solid angles are used to describe the area of a surface on a sphere.

5. Light Interaction with Surfaces: Different surfaces react differently to light. Matte surfaces scatter light uniformly, while shiny surfaces reflect light in specific directions. The way light is reflected or absorbed affects how we see colors.

6. Color Perception: Color results from the wavelengths of light that surfaces reflect. White light contains multiple colors, and surfaces appear colored based on what wavelengths they absorb or reflect.

7. Bouncing Light: Light can bounce off surfaces, illuminating areas indirectly. This process shows how light can propagate in a scene, affecting overall brightness and color.

8. Shadows: Shadows are areas where light is blocked. The size and sharpness of shadows depend on the size of the light source and its distance from the object casting the shadow.

9. Complex Lighting Scenarios: The article explores how light interacts in more intricate scenes, demonstrating that shadows and lighting can create depth and color variations.

10. Further Reading: The article suggests resources for those interested in learning more about light, color, and rendering techniques in computer graphics.

In conclusion, the article emphasizes that understanding light and its interactions with surfaces is essential for various applications, from art to technology.

Summary of Lessons from Hash Table Merging

Merging two hash maps is typically fast, but it can become very slow (more than 10 times slower) when dealing with millions of keys. This post explains why popular libraries can struggle with this and how to improve performance.

Key Points:

1. Performance Issues:

   • The merging process can be significantly slower than creating new hash tables, especially in libraries like Abseil and Boost, due to a problem called primary clustering. This happens when keys from one hash table map to the same locations in another, causing inefficient use of space.

2. Experiment Setup:

   • The author tested various hash table libraries using a dataset of random numbers, observing how long it took to merge hash tables.

3. Solutions to Improve Merging Speed:

   • Salted Hash Function: Using a random seed with the hash function helps distribute keys better across the hash table, avoiding clustering.
   • Preallocation: Reserving enough space for both hash tables before merging can prevent clustering and improve speed, though it may waste memory if there are many duplicate keys.
   • Stride Iteration: Changing the way keys are iterated during merging (visiting buckets in a non-sequential order) can enhance performance by improving data locality.

4. Comparison of Solutions:

   • Salted Hasher: Good performance, medium complexity, minor overhead.
   • Preallocation: Best performance, low complexity, but higher memory usage.
   • Stride Iteration: Better performance, high complexity, requires changes in library design.

5. Conclusion:

   • The author suggests that while preallocation is usually the best and simplest option, salted hashers and stride iteration also offer significant benefits. The choice depends on the specific use case and potential trade-offs.

Overall, merging hash tables requires careful consideration of the hashing strategy and library choice to avoid performance pitfalls.

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Large Language Models (LLMs) treat all parts of language the same, which can waste resources on predictable sections while not giving enough attention to important changes in meaning. To solve this, we introduce Dynamic Large Concept Models (DLCM), a new way to model language that learns to identify meaningful segments and focuses computation on these concepts instead of individual words.

DLCM can discover concepts of varying lengths without needing fixed linguistic rules. This approach changes how we scale models by introducing a new "compression-aware scaling law," which helps allocate computing power effectively. We also created a "decoupled μP parametrization" to help train this model across different setups.

In practical use, with a setting that averages four tokens per concept, DLCM can redirect about one-third of its computing power into a more capable reasoning system, resulting in an average improvement of 2.69% across 12 benchmarks without increasing computing costs.

No summary available.

No summary available.

Summary of Recent Optimizations in Python's Reference Counting

Python has introduced new optimizations for reference counting in CPython, focusing on improving performance. Reference counting is the main method for memory management in Python, where each object keeps track of how many references point to it. When the count reaches zero, the object's memory is freed. However, frequently updating this count can slow down performance, especially in loops.

A key new feature since Python 3.14 is the LOAD_FAST_BORROW instruction, which allows loading local variables without increasing their reference count. This change helps reduce the overhead caused by frequent increments and decrements of reference counts during operations.

For example, in a simple loop that multiplies values, using LOAD_FAST_BORROW means that the reference count for the variables remains unchanged, enhancing efficiency.

This optimization is possible under certain conditions:

1. The borrowed value must only be used within a single block of code.
2. It must be used for simple operations and not assigned to other variables.
3. The original value should not change during this time.

Python's implementation resembles Rust's borrowing system, using control flow graphs to analyze variable lifetimes at compile time.

Additionally, efforts are underway to reduce unnecessary reference counting in JIT (Just-In-Time) compiled code, which is currently limited to optimizing loops after a certain number of iterations.

Overall, these enhancements aim to make Python faster and more efficient, particularly in performance-critical scenarios.

I created a version of the PyTorch DeepDream program that can make smooth videos. This version reduces flickering and allows for various settings. It supports different image classifiers, like GoogLeNet.

Key features include:

• Using optical flow to maintain consistency between frames.
• Occlusion masking to avoid ghosting when objects move.
• Customizable settings for layers, octaves, and iterations.
• Compatible with GPU, CPU, and Apple Silicon.

You can find sample videos in the repository!

Slopware is a new platform that critiques poor-quality AI-generated content. Launched on January 25, 2025, it aims to highlight and address the overwhelming amount of low-quality material online. The first post serves as an introduction to the site and its mission.

Pessimists about the world economy have been wrong lately. In 2025, global growth is expected to be around 3%, which is much better than the negative predictions from earlier in the year. This trend has continued throughout the 2020s, with the economy consistently outperforming World Bank forecasts. The U.S. economy, in particular, has done better than expected, despite some slowdown during Donald Trump's presidency. Currently, lower global interest rates and government spending in the U.S., China, and Germany are helping to boost growth.

The WebGL CRT Shader is an open-source project that creates a vintage TV effect, ideal for use in games, emulators, apps, and visuals. It is designed to run on a device's GPU directly in the browser, using a <canvas> for rendering. The shader works well on low-powered devices, starting from the iPhone XS, and can be further optimized by users.

While it is not a scientifically accurate simulation, it delivers a nostalgic aesthetic. The project began in early 2025 as a shader for Love2D and was later adapted for web use. A live demo is available, allowing users to interact with the shader.

For more details, you can check the GitHub page: github.com/gingerbeardman/webgl-crt-shader/

Summary:

A study analyzed 125,183 bugs in the Linux kernel, revealing that the average bug remains hidden for about 2.1 years before being discovered, with some bugs lasting up to 20 years. Key findings include:

• Average Bug Lifetime: 2.1 years, but varies by subsystem (e.g., CAN bus drivers average 4.2 years).
• Long-Lived Bugs: The oldest bug found was a buffer overflow in ethtool that lasted 20.7 years.
• Improvement Over Time: The percentage of bugs found within a year has significantly increased from 0% in 2010 to 69% in 2022, indicating improved detection methods.
• Detection Tool: A model called VulnBERT was developed, which successfully identifies 92.2% of vulnerabilities with a low false positive rate of 1.2%.

The analysis highlights that race conditions are particularly difficult to detect, averaging 5.1 years before discovery. The study emphasizes the importance of ongoing efforts in kernel security and the potential of machine learning tools to enhance vulnerability detection.

For further details, the dataset and findings are available at github.com/quguanni/kernel-vuln-data.

Scientists at the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) have discovered why women often experience more severe gut pain than men. Their research, published in the journal Science, shows that estrogen plays a key role in this difference.

Professor Stuart Brierley led the study, which found that estrogen enhances communication between specific gut cells, making women more sensitive to pain signals. This happens because estrogen activates a pathway in the colon that increases the release of a gut hormone called PYY, which then boosts serotonin production, heightening pain sensitivity.

The researchers believe that interrupting this pathway could help reduce chronic gut pain in women, especially those with conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or endometriosis, without affecting normal digestive functions.

Additionally, the study explains that estrogen also makes the gut more responsive to certain dietary components, like short-chain fatty acids, which is why diets such as low FODMAP may alleviate symptoms for some individuals. This research could lead to more personalized treatments for chronic gut pain.

A Texas court initially issued a temporary restraining order (TRO) against Samsung, preventing the company from collecting data on what Texas consumers watch on their smart TVs. This action was based on concerns that Samsung's use of Automated Content Recognition (ACR) technology was misleading and violated state laws. The Texas Attorney General argued that Samsung could capture images every half-second without user consent and that this data might be accessed by the Chinese government.

However, just one day after the TRO was granted, the court vacated the order, allowing Samsung to continue its data collection practices. The judge concluded that the restraining order should not remain in effect. Although the lawsuit against Samsung is still ongoing, this ruling means that the company can continue to collect viewing data in Texas for now.

No summary available.

Summary of "Many Hells of WebDAV"

Implementing a WebDAV/CalDAV client and server should be straightforward due to its established specifications, but it turned out to be quite challenging for the Homechart team. They initially considered using an existing Go library called go-webdav but found it lacked essential features for their needs.

The team attempted to follow the relevant RFC documents but became overwhelmed by the complexity and legacy issues, leading them to abandon this approach. Instead, they opted to reverse engineer existing clients and servers by analyzing their HTTP requests and responses. This method proved faster and more effective.

They identified key clients (like Apple Calendar and Thunderbird) and servers (like Google Calendar and iCloud) for testing. Additionally, they faced difficulties with XML handling in Go, prompting them to create a custom wrapper to simplify XML management.

Upon completing their minimum viable product (MVP), they discovered that major providers like Apple and Google often do not fully adhere to WebDAV standards, which complicates compliance for smaller developers. The inconsistencies among various clients and servers made it frustrating to implement a reliable solution.

The author ultimately advises against pursuing the creation of a WebDAV/CalDAV library unless one is prepared for significant challenges.

Trail of Bits has discovered two serious vulnerabilities in the elliptic JavaScript library, which is commonly used for elliptic curve cryptography. These issues could allow attackers to forge signatures or cause valid signatures to be rejected.

The vulnerabilities are:

1. CVE-2024-48949: This issue relates to EdDSA signature malleability, caused by a missing check that ensures a value falls within a specified range. This flaw can let attackers create valid forged signatures.
2. CVE-2024-48948: This issue affects ECDSA signature verification, where valid signatures may fail due to improperly handled hashes with leading zeros, leading to incorrect validation.

Both vulnerabilities were identified using Wycheproof, a tool for testing cryptographic algorithms. While one vulnerability has been fixed, the other remains unaddressed as of now. The findings highlight the importance of continuous testing of cryptographic libraries to maintain security. The disclosure process included private reporting to the library maintainers, but there were delays in addressing the ECDSA issue.

Overall, these vulnerabilities underscore the need for rigorous testing in cryptographic tools to prevent security risks.

No summary available.

Summary:

Scientists are studying why some people in Brazil live beyond 110 years old, known as supercentenarians. Brazil's diverse population offers unique genetic insights that could change our understanding of aging. Researchers have found many rare genetic variants linked to strong immune systems and resilience, which may explain why these individuals often remain healthy and mentally sharp into extreme old age.

Unlike typical aging patterns, these supercentenarians show adaptability rather than decline. They come from families with multiple long-lived members, suggesting a genetic component to their longevity. This group has survived serious health challenges, including COVID-19, showcasing their strong immune responses even without modern healthcare.

Brazil ranks high in global longevity research, with several of the oldest verified supercentenarians. The ongoing research aims to identify protective genetic traits that could benefit broader health studies and inform personalized medicine. The authors encourage expanding research to include diverse populations like Brazil's to better understand resilience in aging.

Summary: Signals vs Query-Based Compilers

The article discusses the differences and similarities between traditional compilers and modern query-based compilers, particularly in the context of Language Server Protocols (LSPs).

Key Points:

1. Old Compiler Architecture: Traditional compilers process code in a linear sequence, transforming source code into a binary through multiple stages (like Abstract Syntax Tree - AST, Intermediate Representation - IR, etc.). This method can be slow and inefficient for real-time coding.

2. Modern Query-Based Compilers: These compilers operate on a new principle where they respond to specific queries rather than processing the entire codebase every time a change is made. When a developer types, the compiler only executes the necessary queries to provide information, like suggestions or errors.

3. Components of Query-Based Compilers:

   • Queries: These are requests for information, such as "What is the type of this identifier?" Each query can trigger other queries as needed.
   • Inputs: These are stateful objects that keep track of the source code. When code changes, the inputs are updated to ensure the compiler processes the latest version.
   • Database: This is where queries and inputs are managed, allowing efficient access to the required information.

4. Caching: Queries can be cached for efficiency, meaning if the same query is requested again, the system can return the cached result without reprocessing.

5. Differences from Signals: Unlike signals in UI systems, where changes automatically trigger updates, query-based compilers require explicit requests to re-execute queries. This can lead to more efficient memory usage because only relevant data is processed.

6. Revisions and Correctness: A global revision counter tracks changes, ensuring that the results of queries remain correct even if they finish at different times. This allows for safe caching and efficient processing.

7. Parallel Processing: The architecture of query-based compilers allows for tasks like file parsing to be parallelized, making them faster and more efficient.

8. Use Cases: Signals are better suited for UI rendering, whereas query-based systems are ideal for compilers. Both systems utilize similar underlying concepts, but their applications differ.

The author wonders how modern JavaScript tools might change if built as query-based systems, suggesting that a combination of both architectures could be beneficial.

Amifuse Summary

Amifuse allows users to mount Amiga filesystem images on macOS, Linux, and Windows using native AmigaOS filesystem drivers via FUSE. It works by running Amiga filesystem drivers, such as PFS3, through m68k CPU emulation, enabling access to Amiga hard disk images without needing reverse-engineered solutions.

Requirements:

• macOS: Install macFUSE
• Linux: Install FUSE for Linux
• Windows: Install WinFSP
• Python: Version 3.9 or higher
• 7z: Required for unpacking images
• Filesystem handler: e.g., pfs3aio

Installation Steps:

1. Clone the repository and its submodules.
2. Set up a virtual environment (recommended) or install without it.
3. Install necessary packages for your OS (macOS, Linux, or Windows).

Quick Start:

• Download a test PFS3 disk image and handler using make download and make unpack.
• Mount the image:
  • macOS: amifuse mount pfs.hdf
  • Linux: Create a mount point and use amifuse mount pfs.hdf --mountpoint ./mnt

Usage:

• Inspect images with amifuse inspect <image>.
• Mount filesystems with amifuse mount <image> and various options (like specifying a driver or partition).

Additional Tools:

• rdb-inspect for inspecting Rigid Disk Block images.
• driver-info to check filesystem handler binaries.

Supported Formats and Filesystems:

• Supports HDF/RDB images, Emu68-style MBR images, and ADF floppy images.
• Tested filesystems include PFS3, SFS, FFS/OFS, and BFFS.

Icon Support (macOS only):

• The --icons flag allows conversion of Amiga .info files to native Finder icons.

Notes:

• The filesystem is read-only by default; experimental read-write mode is available.
• Unmounting can be done via Ctrl+C in the terminal.

Quake Brutalist Jam III (QBJ3) is a large community project that has been in the works for over a year. It includes new weapons, monsters, powerups, and a complete visual redesign of existing elements in Quake. The community contributed a record 77 maps, showcasing a brutalist aesthetic.

The project began in winter 2024 and was kept mostly secret until its release in October 2025. After its launch, the community explored the mod and created various game worlds.

To install QBJ3, players need to buy Quake, download the Ironwail source port, and follow specific steps to set it up. It’s recommended to use the latest version of Ironwail for the best experience.

The mod was created by a dedicated team, and many map authors contributed to the project. Thanks were given to everyone involved in making QBJ3 possible. Enjoy exploring the new worlds crafted by the community!

No summary available.

Summary of How Terminals Work

1. Basic Structure: A terminal is a grid of cells, each displaying one character with styling options like color and bold.

2. Color Support: Modern terminals can display a wide range of colors, from the original 16 ANSI colors to 24-bit Truecolor, allowing for over 16 million colors.

3. Escape Sequences: Special sequences control terminal behavior, such as moving the cursor or changing colors. These sequences can appear as strange characters (e.g., "^[[31m").

4. Input and Output: When you press keys, the terminal sends encoded bytes to the program. Special keys (like arrow keys) send escape sequences, while control keys (like Ctrl+C) send signals to manage processes.

5. Input Modes: In "cooked mode," input is buffered until you press Enter. In "raw mode," each keystroke is sent immediately, allowing for instant response.

6. Terminal Stack: Keystrokes travel from the keyboard through the terminal emulator to programs, with output flowing back to the screen.

7. Advanced Terminal Apps: Applications like htop or vim use a layout system to divide the terminal into regions, allowing for complex user interfaces using text instead of graphics.

8. Alternate Screen Buffer: Many applications can switch to an alternate screen buffer to prevent cluttering the terminal's history, restoring it afterward.

9. Terminal Icons: Icons in terminals are Unicode characters from special fonts (like Nerd Fonts), which are designed to fit within the terminal’s cell size.

10. State Management: Terminal applications maintain their state in memory, updating the display as needed based on user input.

11. Text Selection: Text selection in terminals is separate from the application's cursor position, often causing confusion.

12. Terminology: Terms like terminal, shell, console, and CLI refer to different components of the terminal ecosystem, each playing a unique role in computing.

This guide offers a simplified overview of terminal functionality and terminology, making it easier to understand how terminals operate and interact with programs.

Summary of Ttl 7400 Series

Resurgence of Retro Technologies: There has been renewed interest in older technologies, including the 7400 series of TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) chips.

Reasons for Dislike: The author shares their negative experiences with 7400 series TTL, particularly from their work in the 1970s.

Roll Form Batch Controller: While designing a machine to control the shaping of steel sheets, the author witnessed failures due to electrical interference from nearby welding activities, causing incorrect measurements and potentially disastrous outcomes.

Industrial Alarms: Later, the author worked on alarm systems that were plagued with false alarms because of the same interference issues. Operators had to reset alarms frequently, leading to inefficiency.

CACC Project: An engineer named Ray developed a coordinate controller for a crane, which also failed due to electrical spikes that reset the system unexpectedly. Despite his efforts, Ray was ultimately let go due to the project’s failure.

Transition to CMOS: The introduction of the 4000 series CMOS logic chips resolved many of these reliability issues, allowing projects to function properly. However, it was too late for some engineers like Ray, who had lost their jobs.

Conclusion: The author reflects on the challenges faced by engineers during the era of 7400 series TTL and how the arrival of CMOS technology improved reliability in electronic systems.

This text describes a visualization of bike rides taken using Citi Bike, featuring 291 million rides represented by moving arrows. Users can find their specific ride by searching with Cmd + K and their Citi Bike receipt for details like ride time and stations. The project is open source and available on GitHub.

Key technical details include:

• No backend is used; data is stored in parquet files on a Cloudflare CDN and accessed via DuckDB WASM.
• The visualization uses deck.gl with Mapbox for smooth rendering of animated bikes.
• Web Workers are used for processing to improve performance.
• Routes are determined by finding the shortest path between over 2,400 station pairs.

No summary available.

No summary available.

X, the social media platform owned by Elon Musk, saw a significant drop in its UK staff and revenues last year. Staff numbers fell by a third, from 114 to 76, and UK revenues plummeted nearly 60%, from £69.1 million to £28.9 million. This decline is largely due to advertisers pulling back their spending over concerns about safety and content moderation, particularly related to the platform's AI tool, Grok, which was used to create inappropriate images.

The company's pre-tax profits also dropped sharply, from £2.2 million last year to £767,000, compared to £8.5 million in 2022. Since Musk's takeover in late 2022, X has reduced its workforce significantly and incurred over £22 million in redundancy costs.

Despite these challenges, X claims to still be a leading platform for important conversations and events. In response to concerns about content, the Grok tool has been restricted, with image generation limited to paying subscribers.

Researchers are exploring why cancer immunotherapy can cause inflammation in the heart. This study aims to understand the underlying reasons for this side effect, which is important for improving patient care and treatment outcomes.

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Tailscale v1.92.5 Update Summary

• General Changes:

  • State file encryption and hardware attestation keys are now disabled by default for both Linux and Windows.
  • Clients can start even if hardware attestation keys fail to load, which may occur if the TPM device is reset or replaced.

• Container Update:

  • A new version of the Tailscale container image is available for download from Docker Hub and GitHub.

• Kubernetes Changes:

  • Hardware attestation keys are no longer included in Kubernetes state Secrets, allowing for easier changes to the nodes where Tailscale containers are deployed.
  • A new version of the Tailscale Kubernetes Operator is also available, with updated installation instructions.

• Certificate Renewal:

  • Certificate renewal is no longer performed as an ARI order by default, which helps avoid failures if ACME account keys are recreated.

• tsrecorder Update:

  • A new version of the Tailscale tsrecorder is available, which only includes library updates.

No summary available.